feat(web-ui): detect and surface Raspberry Pi under-voltage/throttling (#383)

* feat(web-ui): detect and surface Raspberry Pi under-voltage/throttling

Adds a vcgencmd get_throttled check to the system-status SSE stream and
surfaces it in the web UI:

- A header badge (next to CPU/Memory/Temp) that stays hidden when healthy,
  turns red when under-voltage/throttling is happening right now, and
  yellow if it happened earlier this session but has since cleared.
- A dismissible top banner (same pattern as the update-available banner)
  that appears while under-voltage/throttling is actively occurring, with
  guidance to check the power supply. Re-appears on a fresh occurrence
  even if a previous one was dismissed.
- A "Power Supply" card on the Overview tab alongside CPU/Memory/Temp/
  Display Status.

Motivated by a real device showing intermittent brightness flicker that
turned out to be ~1 under-voltage event every 30-90s (visible live via
`vcgencmd get_throttled` and dmesg's "Undervoltage detected!" messages) --
there was no way to see this from the web UI, only by SSHing in.

Returns None on non-Pi platforms (no vcgencmd on PATH), matching the
existing guard pattern used for the CPU temperature read.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01KEZK1P1Q1fu5pcuVrkrCFZ

* feat(web-ui): add power supply diagnostics detail to Tools tab

The header badge/banner/Overview card added in the previous commit only
show a collapsed "is it bad right now" signal. This adds a "Power Supply"
section to the Tools tab with the full 8-flag breakdown (under-voltage,
throttled, freq-capped, soft-temp-limit -- each split into "right now" vs
"occurred since boot") for actually troubleshooting a recurring issue,
plus a pointer to the README's power supply sizing guidance when something
is or was flagged.

Reuses the existing stats SSE stream (window.statsSource) rather than
adding a new endpoint -- the same payload already drives the header/
banner/Overview card, so this just listens for it too.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01KEZK1P1Q1fu5pcuVrkrCFZ

* fix(web-ui): address review findings on power supply monitoring

- Overview card left its "--" placeholder forever on non-Pi platforms since
  the update only handled a truthy data.power. Now explicitly renders "Not
  available" with a neutral icon/color for that case.
- vcgencmd failures logged at debug, invisible in default remote log
  output. Bumped to warning to match the nearby systemctl failure logging.
- The banner/badge/card and the Tools summary line only looked at
  under_voltage_now/throttled_now (+ occurred), silently ignoring
  freq_capped_now/occurred and soft_temp_limit_now/occurred from
  _get_power_status() -- a Pi that's actively soft-thermal-limited or
  frequency-capped showed a green "OK" everywhere except the detailed
  flag table buried in Tools. All four surfaces now fold all four "now"/
  "occurred" flags into the same active/occurred state.
- The banner text was hardcoded to "Under-voltage detected..." even when
  the actual active condition was throttling/freq-capping/thermal limiting.
  Added _activePowerConditionLabels() (shared, non-module global scope) to
  build the banner/tooltip text from whichever flags are actually set.

Skipped: TTL-caching _get_power_status() to avoid "multiplying forks
across browser tabs" -- that premise doesn't hold against this codebase.
_StreamBroadcaster (its own docstring says as much) already runs exactly
one shared generator per tick regardless of client count, identical to
the uncached cpu_temp file-read two lines above it; there's nothing to
multiply.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01KEZK1P1Q1fu5pcuVrkrCFZ

* fix(web-ui): address second round of review findings on power monitoring

- updatePowerStatus's falsy-power branch only hid power-stat, leaving
  power-warning-banner visible with stale text if _get_power_status()
  fails transiently. Now hides the banner too and resets the dismissed
  flag, same as the "not active" branch.
- The Tools tab's status badge (and the pre-existing dirty/clean badge
  right next to it) build class names like bg-${color}-100/text-${color}-800
  at runtime. This project hand-rolls its own Tailwind-named utility
  classes in app.css rather than running a real Tailwind build, and the
  light-mode base rules for bg-red-100/bg-yellow-100/bg-green-100/
  text-red-800/text-yellow-800/text-green-800 were simply never defined --
  only some had dark-mode overrides, which are no-ops without a base rule
  in light mode. Added the missing light-mode bases plus the two missing
  dark-mode overrides (bg-yellow-100/bg-green-100), fixing both badges.
- The "occurred earlier" tooltip was a hardcoded string regardless of
  which flag(s) actually fired. Generalized _activePowerConditionLabels()
  to take a suffix ('_now' or '_occurred') and reused it for both tooltips.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01KEZK1P1Q1fu5pcuVrkrCFZ

* refactor(web-ui): move Power Supply status off the Overview tab

The Overview tab's "Power Supply" stat card duplicated what the Tools
tab's diagnostics section already shows (summary badge + full flag
breakdown), so drop the card and its now-dead JS rather than keep two
copies in sync. The header badge and warning banner (visible on every
page) are unaffected -- only the Overview-tab card is removed.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01KEZK1P1Q1fu5pcuVrkrCFZ

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.github/workflows/claude-code-review.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+name: Claude Code Review
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types: [opened, synchronize, ready_for_review, reopened]
+    # Optional: Only run on specific file changes
+    # paths:
+    #   - "src/**/*.ts"
+    #   - "src/**/*.tsx"
+    #   - "src/**/*.js"
+    #   - "src/**/*.jsx"
+
+jobs:
+  claude-review:
+    # Optional: Filter by PR author
+    # if: |
+    #   github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'external-contributor' ||
+    #   github.event.pull_request.user.login == 'new-developer' ||
+    #   github.event.pull_request.author_association == 'FIRST_TIME_CONTRIBUTOR'
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      pull-requests: read
+      issues: read
+      id-token: write
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 1
+
+      - name: Run Claude Code Review
+        id: claude-review
+        uses: anthropics/claude-code-action@v1
+        with:
+          claude_code_oauth_token: ${{ secrets.CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN }}
+          plugin_marketplaces: 'https://github.com/anthropics/claude-code.git'
+          plugins: 'code-review@claude-code-plugins'
+          prompt: '/code-review:code-review ${{ github.repository }}/pull/${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}'
+          # See https://github.com/anthropics/claude-code-action/blob/main/docs/usage.md
+          # or https://code.claude.com/docs/en/cli-reference for available options
+

.github/workflows/claude.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+name: Claude Code
+
+on:
+  issue_comment:
+    types: [created]
+  pull_request_review_comment:
+    types: [created]
+  issues:
+    types: [opened, assigned]
+  pull_request_review:
+    types: [submitted]
+
+jobs:
+  claude:
+    if: |
+      (github.event_name == 'issue_comment' && contains(github.event.comment.body, '@claude')) ||
+      (github.event_name == 'pull_request_review_comment' && contains(github.event.comment.body, '@claude')) ||
+      (github.event_name == 'pull_request_review' && contains(github.event.review.body, '@claude')) ||
+      (github.event_name == 'issues' && (contains(github.event.issue.body, '@claude') || contains(github.event.issue.title, '@claude')))
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      pull-requests: read
+      issues: read
+      id-token: write
+      actions: read # Required for Claude to read CI results on PRs
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 1
+
+      - name: Run Claude Code
+        id: claude
+        uses: anthropics/claude-code-action@v1
+        with:
+          claude_code_oauth_token: ${{ secrets.CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN }}
+
+          # This is an optional setting that allows Claude to read CI results on PRs
+          additional_permissions: |
+            actions: read
+
+          # Optional: Give a custom prompt to Claude. If this is not specified, Claude will perform the instructions specified in the comment that tagged it.
+          # prompt: 'Update the pull request description to include a summary of changes.'
+
+          # Optional: Add claude_args to customize behavior and configuration
+          # See https://github.com/anthropics/claude-code-action/blob/main/docs/usage.md
+          # or https://code.claude.com/docs/en/cli-reference for available options
+          # claude_args: '--allowed-tools Bash(gh pr *)'
+

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+name: Tests
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+
+jobs:
+  plugin-safety:
+    name: Plugin safety harness + unit tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@0b93645e9fea7318ecaed2b359559ac225c90a2b # v5.3.0
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.12"
+          cache: pip
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          python -m pip install --upgrade pip
+          pip install -r requirements.txt -r requirements-test.txt
+          pip install RGBMatrixEmulator
+
+      - name: Run harness + visual rendering tests
+        run: |
+          pytest --no-cov \
+            test/plugins/test_harness.py \
+            test/plugins/test_visual_rendering.py \
+            test/plugins/test_plugin_matrix.py

.gitignore

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ config/config_secrets.json
 config/config.json
 config/config.json.backup
 config/wifi_config.json
+config/uninstalled_plugins.json
 credentials.json
 token.pickle
 

config/config.template.json

@@ -115,6 +115,11 @@
             "gpio_slowdown": 3,
             "rp1_rio": 0
         },
+        "double_sided": {
+            "enabled": false,
+            "copies": 2,
+            "axis": "horizontal"
+        },
         "display_durations": {},
         "use_short_date_format": true,
         "vegas_scroll": {

docs/plugin-safety-harness.md

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# Plugin Safety Harness
+
+Renders a plugin across **every declared screen (mode)** and **a spread of
+matrix sizes**, and fails if any combination crashes, draws past the panel edge,
+or — for plugins that ship golden images — drifts visually. The goal: change a
+plugin without breaking a size or screen you didn't think to test.
+
+## Sizes: a sample, not a fixed list
+
+There is **no fixed set of supported panel sizes** — an RGB matrix build can be
+any width/height and configuration (square, rectangle, 2×2, 4×4, 8×2, long
+strips, tall stacks). Plugins are expected to read dimensions dynamically
+(`self.display_manager.matrix.width/height`) and lay themselves out
+accordingly, so a hardcoded coordinate or unscaled font shows up as a failure
+here.
+
+The harness therefore renders against a **representative sample** that spans the
+axes of variation (`DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES` in `src/plugin_system/testing/sizes.py`),
+not an authoritative list:
+
+Each module is 64×32; entries are real panel-grid arrangements (cols × rows):
+
+| Size    | Grid | Why it's in the sample                     |
+|---------|------|--------------------------------------------|
+| 64×32   | 1×1  | single panel — tightest common rectangle   |
+| 128×32  | 2×1  | the baseline most plugins are tuned for    |
+| 64×64   | 1×2  | stacked — tall-narrow centering            |
+| 128×64  | 2×2  | block — icon scaling / vertical centering  |
+| 256×32  | 4×1  | long strip — wide horizontal layout        |
+| 128×96  | 2×3  | tall — vertical overflow                   |
+| 256×128 | 4×4  | large block — both dimensions big at once  |
+
+**Override the sizes entirely** to test your actual hardware (or any shape):
+
+```bash
+# CLI — one-off:
+python scripts/check_plugin.py --plugin clock-simple --sizes 8x16,64x64,256x32
+
+# pytest — force every plugin onto your panel(s):
+LEDMATRIX_TEST_SIZES="8x16,128x128" pytest test/plugins/test_plugin_matrix.py
+
+# Per-plugin — declare the shapes a plugin targets in its test/harness.json:
+#   { "sizes": [[8, 16], [64, 64]] }
+```
+
+Precedence: `LEDMATRIX_TEST_SIZES` env (global) → per-plugin `harness.json`
+`sizes` → the default sample. Bounds checking adapts to whatever sizes a run
+uses — the backing canvas is padded out to the **largest** panel in the run, so
+a coordinate meant for a big build is still caught when rendering a small one.
+
+## Quick start
+
+```bash
+# Functional + bounds check across all sizes/screens:
+python scripts/check_plugin.py --plugin clock-simple
+
+# Every discovered plugin:
+python scripts/check_plugin.py --all
+
+# Dump PNGs to eyeball each size/screen:
+python scripts/check_plugin.py --plugin ledmatrix-weather --out-dir /tmp/preview
+```
+
+Exit code is non-zero if any `(plugin, size, screen)` fails. Plugins are
+discovered in `plugin-repos/` and `plugins/` (override with `--plugin-dir`).
+
+## What it checks (Phase 1 — always on)
+
+1. **Loads** and builds its mode list.
+2. **Renders every screen** at every size without raising. `update()` may fail
+   (no network in CI) and is tolerated; a crash in `display()` is a failure —
+   `display()` must handle the no-data state.
+3. **Bounds**: nothing is drawn past the right/bottom edge. Implemented by
+   `BoundsCheckingDisplayManager`, which backs the declared panel with an
+   oversized canvas and flags any pixels that land in the margin. (Left/top
+   overflow at negative coordinates and BDF text are not flagged — golden images
+   cover those.)
+
+## Golden images (Phase 2 — opt-in per plugin)
+
+A plugin opts in by committing reference PNGs and (usually) a small harness spec:
+
+```
+plugins/<id>/test/harness.json          # how to render deterministically
+plugins/<id>/test/fixtures/mock.json     # optional cached data
+plugins/<id>/test/golden/<WxH>/<mode>.png
+```
+
+`test/harness.json` keys (all optional):
+
+```json
+{
+  "config":      { "timezone": "UTC" },
+  "mock_data":   "fixtures/mock.json",
+  "freeze_time": "2025-08-01 15:25:00",
+  "skip_update": false,
+  "sizes":       [[128, 32], [128, 64]]
+}
+```
+
+Generate / refresh goldens after an intentional visual change, then review the
+diff before committing:
+
+```bash
+python scripts/check_plugin.py --plugin clock-simple --update-golden \
+  --config '{"timezone":"UTC"}' --freeze-time "2025-08-01 15:25:00"
+```
+
+Comparison is exact by default (`compare_images` in `harness.py` accepts a
+tolerance for known anti-aliasing noise). Determinism requires a pinned Pillow
+and the bundled fonts — keep both stable when regenerating goldens.
+
+## Tests & CI
+
+- `test/plugins/test_harness.py` — unit tests for bounds detection, image
+  comparison, and mode enumeration (run anywhere).
+- `test/plugins/test_plugin_matrix.py` — parametrized over discovered plugins ×
+  sizes × screens; honors each plugin's `test/harness.json` and goldens. Skips
+  when no plugins are present (e.g. a fresh core checkout); set
+  `LEDMATRIX_REQUIRE_PLUGINS=1` in a pipeline where plugins must be present to
+  turn an empty discovery into a hard failure instead. Point it at the monorepo
+  with `LEDMATRIX_PLUGINS_DIR=/path/to/ledmatrix-plugins/plugins`.
+- `.github/workflows/test.yml` — runs the harness + visual tests on every PR.
+
+The plugin monorepo has its own `Plugin Safety` workflow that runs this harness
+against changed plugins on every PR.
+
+## Developer workflow
+
+1. Change the plugin on a branch.
+2. `python scripts/check_plugin.py --plugin <id> --out-dir /tmp/preview` and
+   eyeball the PNGs.
+3. Intentional visual change? `--update-golden`, review diffs, commit goldens.
+4. (Monorepo) bump `manifest.json` version and let the pre-commit hook sync
+   `plugins.json`.
+5. Push — CI re-runs the harness across all sizes and gates the PR.

first_time_install.sh

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ on_error() {
     echo "✗ An error occurred during: $CURRENT_STEP (line $line_no, exit $exit_code)" >&2
     if [ -n "${LOG_FILE:-}" ]; then
         echo "See the log for details: $LOG_FILE" >&2
-        echo "-- Last 50 lines from log --" >&2
-        tail -n 50 "$LOG_FILE" >&2 || true
+        echo "-- Last 100 lines from log --" >&2
+        tail -n 100 "$LOG_FILE" >&2 || true
     fi
     echo "\nCommon fixes:" >&2
     echo "- Ensure the Pi is online (try: ping -c1 8.8.8.8)." >&2
@@ -202,8 +202,33 @@ retry() {
     done
 }
 
-apt_update() { retry apt update; }
-apt_install() { retry apt install -y "$@"; }
+# Wait for another apt/dpkg process (commonly unattended-upgrades running
+# shortly after first boot) to release its lock before we try apt ourselves.
+# Without this, apt_update/apt_install can fail outright in the first couple
+# minutes after a fresh Pi OS boot with a generic "Command failed after 3
+# attempts" error.
+wait_for_apt_lock() {
+    command -v flock >/dev/null 2>&1 || return 0
+    local lock_file="/var/lib/dpkg/lock-frontend"
+    local max_wait=180
+    local waited=0
+    local printed=0
+    while ! flock -n "$lock_file" -c true 2>/dev/null; do
+        if [ "$printed" -eq 0 ]; then
+            echo "⚠ Waiting for another apt/dpkg process to finish (e.g. unattended-upgrades on first boot)..."
+            printed=1
+        fi
+        if [ "$waited" -ge "$max_wait" ]; then
+            echo "⚠ Still waiting after ${max_wait}s; proceeding anyway."
+            break
+        fi
+        sleep 5
+        waited=$((waited+5))
+    done
+}
+
+apt_update() { wait_for_apt_lock; retry apt-get -o DPkg::Lock::Timeout=180 update; }
+apt_install() { wait_for_apt_lock; retry apt-get -o DPkg::Lock::Timeout=180 install -y "$@"; }
 apt_remove() { apt-get remove -y "$@" || true; }
 
 check_network() {
@@ -222,6 +247,22 @@ check_network() {
     exit 1
 }
 
+check_disk_space() {
+    command -v df >/dev/null 2>&1 || return 0
+    local available_mb
+    available_mb=$(df -m "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR" | awk 'NR==2{print $4}')
+    available_mb=${available_mb:-0}
+    if [ "$available_mb" -lt 500 ]; then
+        echo "✗ ERROR: Insufficient disk space: ${available_mb}MB available (need at least 500MB)"
+        echo "  Free up space first, e.g.: sudo apt clean && sudo apt autoremove"
+        exit 1
+    elif [ "$available_mb" -lt 1024 ]; then
+        echo "⚠ Limited disk space: ${available_mb}MB available (recommend at least 1GB for the rpi-rgb-led-matrix build in Step 6)"
+    else
+        echo "✓ Disk space sufficient: ${available_mb}MB available"
+    fi
+}
+
 echo ""
 echo "This script will perform the following steps:"
 echo "1. Install system dependencies"
@@ -271,8 +312,9 @@ CURRENT_STEP="Install system dependencies"
 echo "Step 1: Installing system dependencies..."
 echo "----------------------------------------"
 
-# Ensure network is available before APT operations
+# Pre-flight checks before APT operations
 check_network
+check_disk_space
 
 # Update package list
 apt_update
@@ -815,24 +857,30 @@ if [ "$_SKIP_BUILD" = "1" ]; then
     echo "rgbmatrix already installed${_skip_suffix}; skipping build (set RPI_RGB_FORCE_REBUILD=1 to force rebuild)."
 else
     # Ensure rpi-rgb-led-matrix submodule is initialized
+    # Wrapper used with retry(): removes any partial clone dir before each attempt
+    # so git clone doesn't fail with "destination path already exists".
+    _clone_rpi_rgb() {
+        rm -rf "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR/rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master"
+        git clone https://github.com/hzeller/rpi-rgb-led-matrix.git rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master
+    }
     if [ ! -d "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR/rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master" ]; then
         echo "rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master not found. Initializing git submodule..."
         cd "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR"
-        
+
         # Try to initialize submodule if .gitmodules exists
         if [ -f "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR/.gitmodules" ] && grep -q "rpi-rgb-led-matrix" "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR/.gitmodules"; then
             echo "Initializing rpi-rgb-led-matrix submodule..."
-            if ! git submodule update --init --recursive rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master 2>&1; then
+            if ! retry git submodule update --init --recursive rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master; then
                 echo "⚠ Submodule init failed, cloning directly from GitHub..."
-                git clone https://github.com/hzeller/rpi-rgb-led-matrix.git rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master
+                retry _clone_rpi_rgb
             fi
         else
             # Fallback: clone directly if submodule not configured
             echo "Submodule not configured, cloning directly from GitHub..."
-            git clone https://github.com/hzeller/rpi-rgb-led-matrix.git rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master
+            retry _clone_rpi_rgb
         fi
     fi
-    
+
     # Build and install rpi-rgb-led-matrix Python bindings
     if [ -d "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR/rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master" ]; then
         # Check if submodule is properly initialized (not empty)
@@ -841,23 +889,34 @@ else
             cd "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR"
             rm -rf rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master
             if [ -f "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR/.gitmodules" ] && grep -q "rpi-rgb-led-matrix" "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR/.gitmodules"; then
-                git submodule update --init --recursive rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master
+                retry git submodule update --init --recursive rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master
             else
-                git clone https://github.com/hzeller/rpi-rgb-led-matrix.git rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master
+                retry _clone_rpi_rgb
             fi
         fi
-        
+
         pushd "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR/rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master" >/dev/null
         echo "Installing rpi-rgb-led-matrix Python package (scikit-build-core + cmake)..."
         echo "  Build deps required: python-dev-is-python3 cmake"
         echo "  This compiles C++ — may take 2-5 minutes on Pi 4/5..."
-        if ! python3 -m pip install --break-system-packages .; then
+        BUILD_OUTPUT=$(mktemp)
+        BUILD_SUCCESS=false
+        if python3 -m pip install --break-system-packages . > "$BUILD_OUTPUT" 2>&1; then
+            BUILD_SUCCESS=true
+        fi
+        cat "$BUILD_OUTPUT" >> "$LOG_FILE"
+        if [ "$BUILD_SUCCESS" != true ]; then
             echo "✗ Failed to install rpi-rgb-led-matrix Python package"
             echo "  Ensure build tools are installed:"
             echo "  sudo apt install -y python-dev-is-python3 cmake build-essential"
+            echo ""
+            echo "-- Last 50 lines of build output --"
+            tail -n 50 "$BUILD_OUTPUT"
+            rm -f "$BUILD_OUTPUT"
             popd >/dev/null
             exit 1
         fi
+        rm -f "$BUILD_OUTPUT"
         popd >/dev/null
     else
         echo "✗ rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master directory not found at $PROJECT_ROOT_DIR"
@@ -912,7 +971,9 @@ else
     # Try to install dependencies using the smart installer if available
     if [ -f "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR/scripts/install_dependencies_apt.py" ]; then
         echo "Using smart dependency installer..."
-        python3 "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR/scripts/install_dependencies_apt.py"
+        # -u: unbuffered stdout/stderr so output is captured in $LOG_FILE in
+        # real time and in order relative to this script's own echo statements
+        python3 -u "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR/scripts/install_dependencies_apt.py"
     else
         echo "Using pip to install dependencies..."
         if [ -f "$PROJECT_ROOT_DIR/requirements_web_v2.txt" ]; then

requirements-test.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Test-only dependencies for the plugin safety harness and pytest suite.
+# Install alongside requirements.txt:  pip install -r requirements.txt -r requirements-test.txt
+#
+# pytest, pytest-cov, pytest-mock, and jsonschema are already pinned (with
+# major-version caps) in requirements.txt, so they are intentionally NOT
+# repeated here — re-pinning pytest to <9 collided with requirements.txt's
+# pytest>=9.0.3,<10 and made the two files impossible to install together.
+# Only declare what requirements.txt doesn't already provide.
+freezegun>=1.2,<2        # deterministic time for golden-image tests

scripts/check_plugin.py

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Plugin safety checker.
+
+Renders a plugin across every declared screen (mode) and every supported matrix
+size, and fails if any screen crashes, overflows the panel, or (for plugins with
+committed golden images) drifts visually.
+
+Usage:
+    # Functional + bounds check across all sizes/modes:
+    python scripts/check_plugin.py --plugin clock-simple
+
+    # Every discovered plugin:
+    python scripts/check_plugin.py --all
+
+    # Dump PNGs for each size/mode so you can eyeball them:
+    python scripts/check_plugin.py --plugin ledmatrix-weather --out-dir /tmp/preview
+
+    # Refresh committed golden images after an intentional visual change:
+    python scripts/check_plugin.py --plugin clock-simple --update-golden \
+        --mock-data plugins/clock-simple/test/fixtures/mock.json
+
+Exit code is non-zero if any (plugin, size, mode) fails.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional
+
+PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+sys.path.insert(0, str(PROJECT_ROOT))
+
+os.environ['EMULATOR'] = 'true'
+
+from src.logging_config import get_logger  # noqa: E402
+from src.plugin_system.testing.loading import (  # noqa: E402
+    find_plugin_dir, load_config_defaults, load_harness_spec,
+)
+from src.plugin_system.testing.harness import (  # noqa: E402
+    RenderResult, render_plugin_matrix, compare_to_goldens, write_goldens,
+)
+from src.plugin_system.testing.sizes import (  # noqa: E402
+    parse_size_token, resolve_test_sizes, safe_mode_filename, size_label,
+)
+
+logger = get_logger("[Check Plugin]")
+
+DEFAULT_SEARCH_DIRS = [
+    str(PROJECT_ROOT / 'plugins'),
+    str(PROJECT_ROOT / 'plugin-repos'),
+]
+
+
+def discover_plugins(search_dirs: List[str]) -> List[str]:
+    """All plugin ids found across the search dirs (dirs containing manifest.json)."""
+    found = []
+    for d in search_dirs:
+        base = Path(d)
+        if not base.exists():
+            continue
+        for child in sorted(base.iterdir()):
+            if (child / 'manifest.json').exists() and child.name not in found:
+                found.append(child.name)
+    return found
+
+
+def parse_sizes(spec: Optional[str]):
+    if not spec:
+        return None
+    sizes = []
+    for token in spec.split(','):
+        if not token.strip():
+            continue
+        try:
+            sizes.append(parse_size_token(token))
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise SystemExit(str(exc)) from exc
+    return sizes
+
+
+def check_one(plugin_id: str, search_dirs: List[str], sizes, mock_data: Dict,
+              config: Dict, run_update: bool, out_dir: Optional[Path],
+              update_golden: bool, golden_dir_override: Optional[Path],
+              freeze_time: Optional[str]) -> List[RenderResult]:
+    plugin_dir = find_plugin_dir(plugin_id, search_dirs)
+    if not plugin_dir:
+        logger.error("Plugin '%s' not found in: %s", plugin_id, search_dirs)
+        return [RenderResult(plugin_id, 0, 0, "<not-found>", error="plugin directory not found")]
+
+    # Per-plugin test/harness.json holds the deterministic settings the committed
+    # goldens were generated with (config, mock data, frozen time, sizes). Load
+    # them so the CLI/CI render reproduces the golden the same way the pytest
+    # matrix path does; explicit CLI flags still override the file.
+    spec = load_harness_spec(plugin_dir)
+
+    # config_schema defaults (real-install behavior), then harness.json config,
+    # then CLI --config — most specific wins.
+    full_config = {"enabled": True}
+    full_config.update(load_config_defaults(plugin_dir))
+    full_config.update(spec.get("config", {}))
+    full_config.update(config)
+
+    # Precedence: CLI flag > LEDMATRIX_TEST_SIZES env > harness.json > default.
+    effective_sizes = sizes if sizes else resolve_test_sizes(spec.get("sizes"))
+    # CLI value wins when provided, else fall back to the harness.json setting.
+    effective_mock_data = mock_data or spec.get("mock_data_contents", {})
+    effective_freeze = freeze_time or spec.get("freeze_time")
+    effective_run_update = run_update and not spec.get("skip_update", False)
+
+    results = render_plugin_matrix(
+        plugin_id=plugin_id, plugin_dir=plugin_dir, config=full_config,
+        mock_data=effective_mock_data, sizes=effective_sizes,
+        run_update=effective_run_update, freeze_time=effective_freeze,
+    )
+
+    golden_dir = golden_dir_override or (plugin_dir / 'test' / 'golden')
+    if update_golden:
+        written = write_goldens(results, golden_dir)
+        logger.info("Wrote %d golden image(s) for %s to %s", written, plugin_id, golden_dir)
+    else:
+        compare_to_goldens(results, golden_dir)
+
+    if out_dir:
+        for r in results:
+            if r.image is None:
+                continue
+            dest = out_dir / plugin_id / size_label(r.width, r.height)
+            dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            r.image.save(dest / f"{safe_mode_filename(r.mode)}.png", format="PNG")
+
+    return results
+
+
+def print_report(all_results: Dict[str, List[RenderResult]]) -> bool:
+    """Print a per-plugin grid. Returns True if everything passed."""
+    everything_ok = True
+    for plugin_id, results in all_results.items():
+        print(f"\n=== {plugin_id} ===")
+        for r in results:
+            if r.ok:
+                status = "PASS"
+                detail = ""
+                if r.golden_checked:
+                    detail = " (golden ✓)"
+                if r.update_error is not None:
+                    detail += f" (update warn: {r.update_error})"
+            else:
+                everything_ok = False
+                if r.error is not None:
+                    status, detail = "FAIL", f" error={r.error}"
+                elif r.overflow is not None:
+                    status, detail = "FAIL", f" overflow bbox={r.overflow}"
+                elif r.golden_ok is False:
+                    status = "FAIL"
+                    detail = f" golden drift: {r.golden_diff_pixels}px (max Δ={r.golden_max_delta})"
+                else:
+                    status, detail = "FAIL", ""
+            print(f"  [{status}] {r.size_label:>7}  {r.mode}{detail}")
+    print()
+    return everything_ok
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Check a plugin renders safely across sizes & screens")
+    group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
+    group.add_argument('--plugin', '-p', help='Plugin id to check')
+    group.add_argument('--all', action='store_true', help='Check every discovered plugin')
+    parser.add_argument('--plugin-dir', '-d', default=None, help='Directory to search for plugins')
+    parser.add_argument('--sizes', default=None, help='Comma-separated WxH list (default: all supported)')
+    parser.add_argument('--config', '-c', default='{}', help='Plugin config overrides as JSON')
+    parser.add_argument('--mock-data', '-m', default=None, help='Path to JSON file with mock cache data')
+    parser.add_argument('--out-dir', '-o', default=None, help='Also dump rendered PNGs here')
+    parser.add_argument('--skip-update', action='store_true', help='Skip calling update()')
+    parser.add_argument('--update-golden', action='store_true', help='Write/refresh golden images')
+    parser.add_argument('--golden-dir', default=None, help='Override golden dir (default: <plugin>/test/golden)')
+    parser.add_argument('--freeze-time', default=None,
+                        help='Freeze wall clock, e.g. "2025-08-01 15:25:00" (for time-dependent plugins)')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    search_dirs = [args.plugin_dir] if args.plugin_dir else DEFAULT_SEARCH_DIRS
+    sizes = parse_sizes(args.sizes)
+
+    try:
+        config = json.loads(args.config)
+    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+        logger.error("Invalid --config JSON: %s", e)
+        return 2
+    if not isinstance(config, dict):
+        logger.error("--config must be a JSON object, got %s", type(config).__name__)
+        return 2
+
+    mock_data = {}
+    if args.mock_data:
+        mock_path = Path(args.mock_data)
+        if not mock_path.exists():
+            logger.error("Mock data file not found: %s", args.mock_data)
+            return 2
+        with open(mock_path) as f:
+            mock_data = json.load(f)
+        if not isinstance(mock_data, dict):
+            logger.error("--mock-data must be a JSON object (key -> cache value), got %s",
+                         type(mock_data).__name__)
+            return 2
+
+    plugin_ids = discover_plugins(search_dirs) if args.all else [args.plugin]
+    if not plugin_ids:
+        logger.error("No plugins found in: %s", search_dirs)
+        return 2
+
+    out_dir = Path(args.out_dir) if args.out_dir else None
+    golden_dir_override = Path(args.golden_dir) if args.golden_dir else None
+
+    all_results: Dict[str, List[RenderResult]] = {}
+    for plugin_id in plugin_ids:
+        all_results[plugin_id] = check_one(
+            plugin_id=plugin_id, search_dirs=search_dirs, sizes=sizes,
+            mock_data=mock_data, config=config, run_update=not args.skip_update,
+            out_dir=out_dir, update_golden=args.update_golden,
+            golden_dir_override=golden_dir_override, freeze_time=args.freeze_time,
+        )
+
+    # When refreshing goldens we skip drift comparison, but a crash or overflow
+    # still means the plugin is broken — never let --update-golden mask that.
+    ok = print_report(all_results)
+    return 0 if ok else 1
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main())

scripts/fix_perms/safe_pip_install.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# safe_pip_install.sh — Install a requirements.txt as root after validating
+# that the resolved path is the project's own requirements.txt or a plugin's
+# requirements.txt under plugin-repos/ or plugins/.
+#
+# This script is intended to be called via sudo from the web interface, so
+# that packages a plugin declares end up visible to ledmatrix.service (which
+# runs as root) rather than only to whichever non-root user runs the web
+# interface. Plugin code already runs as root once loaded, so installing its
+# declared dependencies as root is not a new trust boundary.
+#
+# Usage: safe_pip_install.sh <requirements_txt_path>
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then
+    echo "Usage: $0 <requirements_txt_path>" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+TARGET="$1"
+
+# Determine the project root (parent of scripts/fix_perms/)
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+PROJECT_ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/../.." && pwd)"
+
+# Allowed locations (resolved, no trailing slash):
+#   - the project's own requirements.txt
+#   - any requirements.txt under plugin-repos/ or plugins/
+ALLOWED_EXACT="$(realpath --canonicalize-missing "$PROJECT_ROOT/requirements.txt")"
+ALLOWED_BASES=(
+    "$(realpath --canonicalize-missing "$PROJECT_ROOT/plugin-repos")"
+    "$(realpath --canonicalize-missing "$PROJECT_ROOT/plugins")"
+)
+
+# Resolve the target path (follow symlinks); works even if it doesn't exist.
+RESOLVED_TARGET="$(realpath --canonicalize-missing "$TARGET")"
+
+# Must be named requirements.txt — never install from an arbitrary file.
+if [ "$(basename "$RESOLVED_TARGET")" != "requirements.txt" ]; then
+    echo "DENIED: $RESOLVED_TARGET is not a requirements.txt file" >&2
+    exit 2
+fi
+
+ALLOWED=false
+if [ "$RESOLVED_TARGET" = "$ALLOWED_EXACT" ]; then
+    ALLOWED=true
+else
+    for BASE in "${ALLOWED_BASES[@]}"; do
+        if [[ "$RESOLVED_TARGET" == "$BASE/"* ]]; then
+            ALLOWED=true
+            break
+        fi
+    done
+fi
+
+if [ "$ALLOWED" = false ]; then
+    echo "DENIED: $RESOLVED_TARGET is not an allowed requirements.txt location" >&2
+    echo "Allowed: $ALLOWED_EXACT, or any requirements.txt under: ${ALLOWED_BASES[*]}" >&2
+    exit 2
+fi
+
+if [ ! -f "$RESOLVED_TARGET" ]; then
+    echo "ERROR: $RESOLVED_TARGET does not exist" >&2
+    exit 3
+fi
+
+PYTHON_PATH="$(command -v python3)"
+# --ignore-installed: root's site-packages often has apt/dpkg-managed copies
+# of common libraries (requests, urllib3, ...) with no pip RECORD file, which
+# pip refuses to uninstall in place ("Cannot uninstall: no RECORD file was
+# found"). This tells pip to install the newer version alongside rather than
+# aborting the whole requirements.txt install over one such conflict.
+exec "$PYTHON_PATH" -m pip install --break-system-packages --ignore-installed -r "$RESOLVED_TARGET"

scripts/install/configure_web_sudo.sh

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ POWEROFF_PATH=$(command -v poweroff)  || true
 BASH_PATH=$(command -v bash)        || true
 JOURNALCTL_PATH=$(command -v journalctl) || true
 SAFE_RM_PATH="$PROJECT_ROOT/scripts/fix_perms/safe_plugin_rm.sh"
+SAFE_PIP_INSTALL_PATH="$PROJECT_ROOT/scripts/fix_perms/safe_pip_install.sh"
 
 # Validate required commands (systemctl, bash, python3 are essential)
 for CMD_NAME in SYSTEMCTL_PATH BASH_PATH PYTHON_PATH; do
@@ -48,11 +49,15 @@ if [ ${#MISSING_CMDS[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
     exit 1
 fi
 
-# Validate helper script exists
+# Validate helper scripts exist
 if [ ! -f "$SAFE_RM_PATH" ]; then
     echo "Error: Safe plugin removal helper not found: $SAFE_RM_PATH" >&2
     exit 1
 fi
+if [ ! -f "$SAFE_PIP_INSTALL_PATH" ]; then
+    echo "Error: Safe pip install helper not found: $SAFE_PIP_INSTALL_PATH" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
 
 echo "Command paths:"
 echo "  Python: $PYTHON_PATH"
@@ -62,6 +67,7 @@ echo "  Poweroff: ${POWEROFF_PATH:-(not found, skipping)}"
 echo "  Bash: $BASH_PATH"
 echo "  Journalctl: ${JOURNALCTL_PATH:-(not found, skipping)}"
 echo "  Safe plugin rm: $SAFE_RM_PATH"
+echo "  Safe pip install: $SAFE_PIP_INSTALL_PATH"
 
 # Create a temporary sudoers file
 TEMP_SUDOERS="/tmp/ledmatrix_web_sudoers_$$"
@@ -101,13 +107,22 @@ TEMP_SUDOERS="/tmp/ledmatrix_web_sudoers_$$"
     fi
 
     # Required: python3, bash
-    echo "$WEB_USER ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: $PYTHON_PATH $PROJECT_DIR/display_controller.py"
-    echo "$WEB_USER ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: $BASH_PATH $PROJECT_DIR/start_display.sh"
-    echo "$WEB_USER ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: $BASH_PATH $PROJECT_DIR/stop_display.sh"
+    # NOTE: display_controller.py/start_display.sh/stop_display.sh live at the
+    # project root, not under scripts/install/ (where this script lives) —
+    # must use PROJECT_ROOT here, not PROJECT_DIR.
+    echo "$WEB_USER ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: $PYTHON_PATH $PROJECT_ROOT/display_controller.py"
+    echo "$WEB_USER ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: $BASH_PATH $PROJECT_ROOT/start_display.sh"
+    echo "$WEB_USER ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: $BASH_PATH $PROJECT_ROOT/stop_display.sh"
     echo ""
     echo "# Allow web user to remove plugin directories via vetted helper script"
     echo "# The helper validates that the target path resolves inside plugin-repos/ or plugins/"
     echo "$WEB_USER ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: $BASH_PATH $SAFE_RM_PATH *"
+    echo ""
+    echo "# Allow web user to install a plugin's requirements.txt as root via vetted"
+    echo "# helper script, so packages are visible to root-run ledmatrix.service"
+    echo "# (not just the web interface's own user). The helper validates the target"
+    echo "# is requirements.txt at the project root or under plugin-repos/ or plugins/."
+    echo "$WEB_USER ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: $BASH_PATH $SAFE_PIP_INSTALL_PATH *"
 } > "$TEMP_SUDOERS"
 
 echo ""
@@ -126,6 +141,7 @@ echo "- Run display_controller.py directly"
 echo "- Execute start_display.sh and stop_display.sh"
 echo "- Reboot and shutdown the system"
 echo "- Remove plugin directories (for update/uninstall when root-owned files block deletion)"
+echo "- Install plugin/base requirements.txt as root (so ledmatrix.service can see them)"
 echo ""
 
 # Ask for confirmation
@@ -147,6 +163,13 @@ fi
 if ! sudo chmod 755 "$SAFE_RM_PATH"; then
     echo "Warning: Could not set permissions on $SAFE_RM_PATH"
 fi
+echo "Hardening safe_pip_install.sh ownership..."
+if ! sudo chown root:root "$SAFE_PIP_INSTALL_PATH"; then
+    echo "Warning: Could not set ownership on $SAFE_PIP_INSTALL_PATH"
+fi
+if ! sudo chmod 755 "$SAFE_PIP_INSTALL_PATH"; then
+    echo "Warning: Could not set permissions on $SAFE_PIP_INSTALL_PATH"
+fi
 
 if sudo cp "$TEMP_SUDOERS" /etc/sudoers.d/ledmatrix_web; then
     echo "Configuration applied successfully!"
@@ -160,7 +183,7 @@ if sudo cp "$TEMP_SUDOERS" /etc/sudoers.d/ledmatrix_web; then
         echo "✗ systemctl status ledmatrix.service - Failed"
     fi
     
-    if sudo -n test -f "$PROJECT_DIR/start_display.sh"; then
+    if sudo -n test -f "$PROJECT_ROOT/start_display.sh"; then
         echo "✓ File access test - OK"
     else
         echo "✗ File access test - Failed"

scripts/install/one-shot-install.sh

@@ -340,9 +340,14 @@ main() {
     echo ""
     
     # Execute with proper error handling and non-interactive mode
-    # Temporarily disable errexit to capture exit code instead of exiting immediately
+    # Temporarily disable errexit AND the ERR trap to capture exit code instead of
+    # exiting immediately. `set +e` alone does not suppress the ERR trap, so without
+    # `trap '' ERR` a non-zero exit from first_time_install.sh would trigger on_error
+    # here with the generic "Main installation" message instead of the detailed
+    # if/else handling below.
     set +e
-    
+    trap '' ERR
+
     # Check /tmp permissions - only fix if actually wrong (common in automated scenarios)
     # When running manually, /tmp usually has correct permissions (1777)
     TMP_PERMS=$(stat -c '%a' /tmp 2>/dev/null || echo "unknown")
@@ -370,6 +375,7 @@ main() {
         sudo -E env TMPDIR=/tmp LEDMATRIX_ASSUME_YES=1 bash ./first_time_install.sh -y </dev/null
     fi
     INSTALL_EXIT_CODE=$?
+    trap 'on_error $LINENO' ERR  # Re-enable ERR trap
     set -e  # Re-enable errexit
     
     if [ $INSTALL_EXIT_CODE -eq 0 ]; then

scripts/install_dependencies_apt.py

@@ -6,82 +6,143 @@ then falls back to pip with --break-system-packages
 
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import tempfile
 import warnings
+from collections import deque
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import List, Tuple
 
-def install_via_apt(package_name):
-    """Try to install a package via apt."""
-    try:
-        # Map pip package names to apt package names
-        apt_package_map = {
-            'flask': 'python3-flask',
-            'PIL': 'python3-pil',
-            'freetype': 'python3-freetype',
-            'psutil': 'python3-psutil',
-            'werkzeug': 'python3-werkzeug',
-            'numpy': 'python3-numpy',
-            'requests': 'python3-requests',
-            'python-dateutil': 'python3-dateutil',
-            'pytz': 'python3-tz',
-            'geopy': 'python3-geopy',
-            'unidecode': 'python3-unidecode',
-            'websockets': 'python3-websockets',
-            'websocket-client': 'python3-websocket-client'
-        }
-        
-        apt_package = apt_package_map.get(package_name, f'python3-{package_name}')
-        
-        print(f"Trying to install {apt_package} via apt...")
-        subprocess.check_call([
-            'sudo', 'apt', 'update'
-        ], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
-        
-        subprocess.check_call([
-            'sudo', 'apt', 'install', '-y', apt_package
-        ], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
-        
+# How many trailing lines of a failed command's output to keep for the
+# end-of-run failure summary. Keeps the root cause near the end of the log,
+# which is where first_time_install.sh's error handler tails from.
+ERROR_TAIL_LINES = 15
+
+
+def _run(cmd: List[str]) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
+    """Run a command, streaming combined stdout/stderr to a temp file.
+
+    Returns (success, output) instead of raising, so callers can report
+    *why* a command failed rather than just that it failed. `output` is
+    bounded to the last ERROR_TAIL_LINES lines so failures from very
+    chatty commands (e.g. pip build logs) don't get buffered in memory.
+    """
+    with tempfile.TemporaryFile(mode='w+b') as f:
+        result = subprocess.run(cmd, stdout=f, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)  # nosec B603 B607 - hardcoded apt/pip args  # nosemgrep
+        f.seek(0)
+        # Stream line-by-line so only the last ERROR_TAIL_LINES are ever held
+        # in memory, regardless of how much output the command produced.
+        tail = deque(
+            (line.decode('utf-8', errors='replace').rstrip('\n') for line in f),
+            maxlen=ERROR_TAIL_LINES,
+        )
+    return result.returncode == 0, '\n'.join(tail)
+
+
+def install_via_apt(package_name: str) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
+    """Try to install a package via apt. Returns (success, output)."""
+    # Map pip package names to apt package names
+    apt_package_map = {
+        'flask': 'python3-flask',
+        'PIL': 'python3-pil',
+        'freetype': 'python3-freetype',
+        'psutil': 'python3-psutil',
+        'werkzeug': 'python3-werkzeug',
+        'numpy': 'python3-numpy',
+        'requests': 'python3-requests',
+        'python-dateutil': 'python3-dateutil',
+        'pytz': 'python3-tz',
+        'geopy': 'python3-geopy',
+        'unidecode': 'python3-unidecode',
+        'websockets': 'python3-websockets',
+        'websocket-client': 'python3-websocket-client'
+    }
+
+    apt_package = apt_package_map.get(package_name, f'python3-{package_name}')
+
+    print(f"Trying to install {apt_package} via apt...")
+    success, output = _run(['sudo', 'apt-get', '-o', 'DPkg::Lock::Timeout=180', 'install', '-y', apt_package])
+    if success:
         print(f"Successfully installed {apt_package} via apt")
-        return True
-        
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-        print(f"Failed to install {package_name} via apt, will try pip")
-        return False
+        return True, ""
 
-def install_via_pip(package_name):
+    print(f"Failed to install {apt_package} via apt, will try pip")
+    return False, output
+
+
+def install_via_pip(package_name: str) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
     """Install a package via pip with --break-system-packages and --prefer-binary.
 
     --break-system-packages allows pip to install into the system Python on
     Debian/Ubuntu-based systems without a virtual environment.
     --prefer-binary prefers pre-built wheels over source distributions to avoid
     exhausting /tmp space during compilation.
-    """
-    try:
-        print(f"Installing {package_name} via pip...")
-        subprocess.check_call([
-            sys.executable, '-m', 'pip', 'install', '--break-system-packages', '--prefer-binary', package_name
-        ])
-        print(f"Successfully installed {package_name} via pip")
-        return True
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
-        print(f"Failed to install {package_name} via pip: {e}")
-        return False
+    --ignore-installed stops pip from trying to *uninstall* packages that were
+    installed by apt (e.g. python3-requests). Those Debian packages ship no
+    pip RECORD file, so an uninstall attempt fails with "uninstall-no-record-file"
+    and aborts the whole install. With --ignore-installed, pip lays the new
+    version down in /usr/local where it shadows the apt copy instead of removing
+    it. This matters when a pip dependency (google-api-python-client pulls a
+    newer requests) needs to upgrade an apt-managed package.
 
-def check_package_installed(package_name):
+    Returns (success, output).
+    """
+    print(f"Installing {package_name} via pip...")
+    success, output = _run([
+        sys.executable, '-m', 'pip', 'install',
+        '--break-system-packages', '--prefer-binary', '--ignore-installed', package_name
+    ])
+    if success:
+        print(f"Successfully installed {package_name} via pip")
+        return True, ""
+
+    print(f"Failed to install {package_name} via pip (see failure summary at end of log)")
+    return False, output
+
+
+# Distribution (pip/apt) names whose importable module name differs.
+IMPORT_NAME_MAP = {
+    'python-dateutil': 'dateutil',
+    'websocket-client': 'websocket',
+}
+
+
+def check_package_installed(package_name: str) -> bool:
     """Check if a package is already installed."""
+    import_name = IMPORT_NAME_MAP.get(package_name, package_name)
     # Suppress deprecation warnings when checking if packages are installed
     # (we're just checking, not using them)
     with warnings.catch_warnings():
         warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
         try:
-            __import__(package_name)
+            __import__(import_name)
             return True
         except ImportError:
             return False
 
+
+def print_failure_summary(failed_packages: List[str], failure_details: dict) -> None:
+    print("\n" + "=" * 60)
+    print("DEPENDENCY INSTALLATION FAILURES - DETAILS")
+    print("=" * 60)
+    for package in failed_packages:
+        print(f"\nPackage: {package}")
+        print("-" * 40)
+        output = failure_details.get(package, "").strip()
+        if not output:
+            print("  (no output captured)")
+            continue
+        for line in output.splitlines()[-ERROR_TAIL_LINES:]:
+            print(f"  {line}")
+    print("=" * 60)
+
+
 def main():
     """Main installation function."""
     print("Installing dependencies for LED Matrix Web Interface V2...")
-    
+
+    print("Refreshing apt package index...")
+    _run(['sudo', 'apt', 'update'])  # best-effort; individual installs surface their own errors
+
     # List of required packages
     required_packages = [
         'flask',
@@ -98,19 +159,23 @@ def main():
         'websockets',
         'websocket-client'
     ]
-    
+
     failed_packages = []
-    
+    failure_details = {}
+
     for package in required_packages:
         if check_package_installed(package):
             print(f"{package} is already installed")
             continue
-            
+
         # Try apt first, then pip
-        if not install_via_apt(package):
-            if not install_via_pip(package):
+        ok, apt_output = install_via_apt(package)
+        if not ok:
+            ok, pip_output = install_via_pip(package)
+            if not ok:
                 failed_packages.append(package)
-    
+                failure_details[package] = pip_output or apt_output
+
     # Install packages that don't have apt equivalents
     special_packages = [
         'timezonefinder>=6.5.0,<7.0.0',
@@ -122,47 +187,49 @@ def main():
         'python-socketio>=5.11.0,<6.0.0',
         'python-engineio>=4.9.0,<5.0.0'
     ]
-    
+
     for package in special_packages:
-        if not install_via_pip(package):
+        ok, pip_output = install_via_pip(package)
+        if not ok:
             failed_packages.append(package)
-    
+            failure_details[package] = pip_output
+
     # Install rgbmatrix module from local source (optional - may already be installed in Step 6)
     # Check if already installed first
     if check_package_installed('rgbmatrix'):
         print("rgbmatrix module already installed, skipping...")
     else:
         print("Installing rgbmatrix module from local source...")
-        try:
-            # Get project root (parent of scripts directory)
-            PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent.parent
-            rgbmatrix_path = PROJECT_ROOT / 'rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master' / 'bindings' / 'python'
-            if rgbmatrix_path.exists():
-                # Check if the module has been built (look for setup.py)
-                setup_py = rgbmatrix_path / 'setup.py'
-                if setup_py.exists():
-                    # Try installing - use regular install, not editable mode
-                    # This is optional for web interface and should already be installed in Step 6
-                    subprocess.check_call([
-                        sys.executable, '-m', 'pip', 'install', '--break-system-packages', str(rgbmatrix_path)
-                    ], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        # Get project root (parent of scripts directory)
+        PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent.parent
+        rgbmatrix_path = PROJECT_ROOT / 'rpi-rgb-led-matrix-master' / 'bindings' / 'python'
+        if rgbmatrix_path.exists():
+            # Check if the module has been built (look for setup.py)
+            setup_py = rgbmatrix_path / 'setup.py'
+            if setup_py.exists():
+                # Try installing - use regular install, not editable mode
+                # This is optional for web interface and should already be installed in Step 6
+                ok, output = _run([sys.executable, '-m', 'pip', 'install', '--break-system-packages', str(rgbmatrix_path)])
+                if ok:
                     print("rgbmatrix module installed successfully")
                 else:
-                    print("Warning: rgbmatrix setup.py not found, module may need to be built first")
-                    print("  This is normal if Step 6 hasn't completed yet.")
+                    # Don't fail the whole installation - rgbmatrix is optional for web interface
+                    # and should be installed in Step 6 of first_time_install.sh
+                    print("Warning: Failed to install rgbmatrix module:")
+                    for line in output.strip().splitlines()[-ERROR_TAIL_LINES:]:
+                        print(f"  {line}")
+                    print("  This is normal if rgbmatrix hasn't been built yet (Step 6).")
+                    print("  The web interface will work without it.")
             else:
-                print("Warning: rgbmatrix source not found (this is normal if Step 6 hasn't run yet)")
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
-            # Don't fail the whole installation - rgbmatrix is optional for web interface
-            # and should be installed in Step 6 of first_time_install.sh
-            print(f"Warning: Failed to install rgbmatrix module: {e}")
-            print("  This is normal if rgbmatrix hasn't been built yet (Step 6).")
-            print("  The web interface will work without it.")
-            # Don't add to failed_packages since it's optional
-    
+                print("Warning: rgbmatrix setup.py not found, module may need to be built first")
+                print("  This is normal if Step 6 hasn't completed yet.")
+        else:
+            print("Warning: rgbmatrix source not found (this is normal if Step 6 hasn't run yet)")
+
     if failed_packages:
         print(f"\nFailed to install the following packages: {failed_packages}")
         print("You may need to install them manually or check your system configuration.")
+        print_failure_summary(failed_packages, failure_details)
         return False
     else:
         print("\nAll dependencies installed successfully!")

scripts/render_plugin.py

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import os
 import json
 import argparse
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Sequence, Union
 
 # Add project root to path
 PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
@@ -28,49 +27,15 @@ os.environ['EMULATOR'] = 'true'
 
 # Import logger after path setup so src.logging_config is importable
 from src.logging_config import get_logger  # noqa: E402
+from src.plugin_system.testing.loading import (  # noqa: E402
+    find_plugin_dir, load_manifest, load_config_defaults,
+)
 logger = get_logger("[Render Plugin]")
 
 MIN_DIMENSION = 1
 MAX_DIMENSION = 512
 
 
-def find_plugin_dir(plugin_id: str, search_dirs: Sequence[Union[str, Path]]) -> Optional[Path]:
-    """Find a plugin directory by searching multiple paths."""
-    from src.plugin_system.plugin_loader import PluginLoader
-    loader = PluginLoader()
-    for search_dir in search_dirs:
-        search_path = Path(search_dir)
-        if not search_path.exists():
-            continue
-        result = loader.find_plugin_directory(plugin_id, search_path)
-        if result:
-            return Path(result)
-    return None
-
-
-def load_manifest(plugin_dir: Path) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-    """Load and return manifest.json from plugin directory."""
-    manifest_path = plugin_dir / 'manifest.json'
-    if not manifest_path.exists():
-        raise FileNotFoundError(f"No manifest.json in {plugin_dir}")
-    with open(manifest_path, 'r') as f:
-        return json.load(f)
-
-
-def load_config_defaults(plugin_dir: Path) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-    """Extract default values from config_schema.json."""
-    schema_path = plugin_dir / 'config_schema.json'
-    if not schema_path.exists():
-        return {}
-    with open(schema_path, 'r') as f:
-        schema = json.load(f)
-    defaults: Dict[str, Any] = {}
-    for key, prop in schema.get('properties', {}).items():
-        if 'default' in prop:
-            defaults[key] = prop['default']
-    return defaults
-
-
 def main() -> int:
     """Load a plugin, call update() + display(), and save the result as a PNG image."""
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Render a plugin display to a PNG image')

src/cache_manager.py

@@ -1,3 +1,28 @@
+"""
+Cache Manager — multi-tier response cache for the LEDMatrix application.
+
+:class:`CacheManager` provides a unified caching layer used by all plugins
+to reduce external API calls and survive network outages gracefully.
+
+Two storage tiers
+-----------------
+* **Memory tier** (:class:`~src.cache.memory_cache.MemoryCache`): fast LRU
+  cache (up to 1 000 entries by default).  Hit on this tier before touching
+  disk.
+* **Disk tier** (:class:`~src.cache.disk_cache.DiskCache`): filesystem-backed
+  persistent store that survives process restarts.
+
+Data written to cache is serialised as JSON.  :class:`DateTimeEncoder` handles
+``datetime`` objects transparently so callers don't have to pre-serialise them.
+
+Typical plugin usage::
+
+    data = self.cache_manager.get_cached_data('my_key', max_age=300)
+    if data is None:
+        data = fetch_from_api()
+        self.cache_manager.save_cache('my_key', data)
+"""
+
 import json
 import os
 import time
@@ -15,7 +40,10 @@ from src.cache.cache_metrics import CacheMetrics
 from src.logging_config import get_logger
 
 class DateTimeEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
+    """JSON encoder that serialises ``datetime`` objects as ISO-8601 strings."""
+
     def default(self, obj):
+        """Return ISO-8601 string for datetime; delegate all other types to the base encoder."""
         if isinstance(obj, datetime):
             return obj.isoformat()
         return super().default(obj)

src/common/scroll_helper.py

@@ -347,34 +347,40 @@ class ScrollHelper:
         return self._get_visible_portion_integer(start_x_int, end_x_int)
     
     def _get_visible_portion_integer(self, start_x: int, end_x: int) -> Image.Image:
-        """Fast integer pixel extraction (no interpolation)."""
-        # Fast numpy array slicing for normal case (no wrap-around)
-        if end_x <= self.cached_image.width:
-            # Normal case: single slice - fastest path
-            frame_array = self.cached_array[:, start_x:end_x]
-            # Convert to PIL Image (minimal overhead)
-            return Image.fromarray(frame_array)
+        """Fast integer pixel extraction (no interpolation).
+
+        Uses Image.frombytes instead of Image.fromarray: frombytes skips
+        numpy's array-protocol overhead and is ~50% faster for the display-sized
+        slices (128×32 = 12 KB) used here.
+        """
+        _size = (self.display_width, self.display_height)
+        img_w = self.cached_image.width
+
+        if end_x <= img_w:
+            # Normal case: single contiguous slice (fastest path)
+            frame_array = np.ascontiguousarray(self.cached_array[:, start_x:end_x])
+            return Image.frombytes('RGB', _size, frame_array.tobytes())
         else:
-            # Wrap-around case: combine two slices using numpy
-            width1 = self.cached_image.width - start_x
+            # Ensure frame buffer is allocated for all non-simple paths
+            if self._frame_buffer is None or self._frame_buffer.shape != (self.display_height, self.display_width, 3):
+                self._frame_buffer = np.zeros((self.display_height, self.display_width, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
+
+            width1 = img_w - start_x
             if width1 > 0:
-                # Use pre-allocated buffer for output
-                if self._frame_buffer is None or self._frame_buffer.shape != (self.display_height, self.display_width, 3):
-                    self._frame_buffer = np.zeros((self.display_height, self.display_width, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
-                
-                # First part from end of image (fast numpy slice)
+                # Wrap-around: tail of image + head of image
                 self._frame_buffer[:, :width1] = self.cached_array[:, start_x:]
-                
-                # Second part from beginning of image
                 remaining_width = self.display_width - width1
                 self._frame_buffer[:, width1:] = self.cached_array[:, :remaining_width]
-                
-                # Convert combined buffer to PIL Image
-                return Image.fromarray(self._frame_buffer)
             else:
-                # Edge case: start_x >= image width, wrap to beginning
-                frame_array = self.cached_array[:, :self.display_width]
-                return Image.fromarray(frame_array)
+                # Edge case: start_x at or past image end — show from beginning,
+                # clamped to available width (scroll_position should wrap before
+                # reaching this state in normal operation).
+                available = min(self.display_width, img_w)
+                self._frame_buffer[:, :available] = self.cached_array[:, :available]
+                if available < self.display_width:
+                    self._frame_buffer[:, available:] = 0
+
+            return Image.frombytes('RGB', _size, self._frame_buffer.tobytes())
     
     def _get_visible_portion_subpixel(self, start_x_int: int, fractional: float) -> Image.Image:
         """

src/config_manager.py

@@ -1,3 +1,29 @@
+"""
+Config Manager — reads, writes, and validates ``config/config.json``.
+
+:class:`ConfigManager` is the single owner of the on-disk configuration
+files:
+
+* ``config/config.json``         — main user-editable configuration.
+* ``config/config_secrets.json`` — sensitive values (API keys, tokens).
+
+All writes go through :class:`~src.config_manager_atomic.AtomicConfigManager`
+which performs a backup before overwriting, validates the result, and rolls
+back on error.  This makes config corruption essentially impossible.
+
+Plugin configuration
+--------------------
+Plugin configs are stored inside ``config.json`` under the plugin's ID key
+and survive plugin reinstalls.  Use :meth:`ConfigManager.update_plugin_config`
+to write plugin settings; never write directly to the plugin directory.
+
+Hot-reload
+----------
+:class:`~src.config_service.ConfigService` wraps ``ConfigManager`` and
+detects file changes, broadcasting the new config to registered listeners
+without requiring a restart.
+"""
+
 import json
 import os
 import logging
@@ -17,6 +43,13 @@ from src.common.permission_utils import (
 )
 
 class ConfigManager:
+    """
+    Reads and writes the main application configuration files.
+
+    Wraps :class:`~src.config_manager_atomic.AtomicConfigManager` for safe
+    atomic writes with automatic backup and rollback.  Also exposes helpers
+    for plugin configuration persistence and secret-field masking.
+    """
     def __init__(self, config_path: Optional[str] = None, secrets_path: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         # Use current working directory as base
         self.config_path: str = config_path or "config/config.json"
@@ -29,9 +62,11 @@ class ConfigManager:
         self._atomic_manager: Optional[AtomicConfigManager] = None
 
     def get_config_path(self) -> str:
+        """Return the path to the main config file (``config/config.json``)."""
         return self.config_path
 
     def get_secrets_path(self) -> str:
+        """Return the path to the secrets file (``config/config_secrets.json``)."""
         return self.secrets_path
     
     def _get_atomic_manager(self) -> AtomicConfigManager:

src/display_controller.py

@@ -1,8 +1,30 @@
+"""
+Display Controller — top-level orchestration for the LEDMatrix application.
+
+This module owns the main run loop that drives the LED display.  It ties
+together every major subsystem:
+
+  - ConfigManager / ConfigService  — loads config.json, hot-reloads on change
+  - DisplayManager                 — hardware (or emulator) output interface
+  - FontManager                    — TTF/BDF font loading and caching
+  - CacheManager                   — multi-tier API response cache
+  - PluginManager                  — plugin lifecycle (load, update, display)
+  - DisplaySyncManager             — optional leader/follower multi-Pi sync
+  - VegasModeCoordinator           — optional continuous Vegas scroll mode
+
+The main loop inside :meth:`DisplayController.run` rotates through enabled
+plugin display modes, respecting schedule windows, brightness dim schedules,
+on-demand overrides, and live-priority interrupts.
+
+Entry point: :func:`main` — instantiates :class:`DisplayController` and calls
+:meth:`~DisplayController.run`.
+"""
+
 import time
 import os
 import json
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Dict, Any, List, Optional
+from typing import Dict, Any, List, Optional, Callable
 from datetime import datetime
 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module
 import pytz
@@ -28,6 +50,24 @@ DEFAULT_DYNAMIC_DURATION_CAP = 180.0
 WIFI_STATUS_FILE = None  # Will be initialized in __init__
 
 class DisplayController:
+    """
+    Top-level controller that owns the LED display run loop.
+
+    Responsibilities
+    ----------------
+    * Initialise and wire together all subsystems at startup.
+    * Rotate through plugin display modes in :meth:`run`.
+    * Honour schedule windows (active/inactive hours) and dim schedules.
+    * Handle on-demand override requests (external callers can pin a
+      specific plugin/mode for a fixed duration via the cache bus).
+    * Coordinate with a follower Pi when multi-display sync is configured.
+    * Delegate all actual content to the plugin system — this class contains
+      no display logic of its own.
+
+    There is exactly one instance per process; call :func:`main` to create
+    it and start the run loop.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self):
         start_time = time.time()
         logger.info("Starting DisplayController initialization")
@@ -123,6 +163,13 @@ class DisplayController:
         self.plugin_modes = {}  # mode -> plugin_instance mapping for plugin-first dispatch
         self.mode_to_plugin_id: Dict[str, str] = {}
         self.plugin_display_modes: Dict[str, List[str]] = {}
+        # Per-plugin config-change callbacks, kept so we can unsubscribe a
+        # plugin when it is disabled live.
+        self._plugin_config_callbacks: Dict[str, Callable] = {}
+        # Set by the config-watcher thread when the enabled-plugin set changes;
+        # the main run loop reconciles (loads/unloads) on its own thread so
+        # mutating available_modes never races with rendering.
+        self._pending_plugin_reconcile = False
         self.on_demand_active = False
         self.on_demand_mode: Optional[str] = None
         self.on_demand_modes: List[str] = []  # All modes for the on-demand plugin
@@ -138,7 +185,11 @@ class DisplayController:
         self.on_demand_last_event: Optional[str] = None
         self.on_demand_schedule_override = False
         self.rotation_resume_index: Optional[int] = None
-        
+        # Saved rotation position when a live-priority plugin preempts the
+        # rotation, so it resumes where it left off (not after the live plugin)
+        # once live priority ends.
+        self._live_resume_index: Optional[int] = None
+
         # WiFi status message tracking
         global WIFI_STATUS_FILE
         if WIFI_STATUS_FILE is None:
@@ -148,7 +199,11 @@ class DisplayController:
         self.wifi_status_file = WIFI_STATUS_FILE
         self.wifi_status_active = False
         self.wifi_status_expires_at: Optional[float] = None
-        
+
+        # Plugin display() signature cache — must be initialised before the plugin
+        # loading loop below so the .pop() invalidation at load time is always safe.
+        self._plugin_accepts_display_mode: Dict[str, bool] = {}
+
         try:
             logger.info("Attempting to import plugin system...")
             from src.plugin_system import PluginManager
@@ -283,45 +338,10 @@ class DisplayController:
                         logger.info("✓ Loaded plugin %s in %.3f seconds (%d/%d)", 
                                   plugin_id, result['load_time'], loaded_count, enabled_count)
                         
-                        # Get plugin instance and manifest
-                        plugin_instance = self.plugin_manager.get_plugin(plugin_id)
-                        manifest = self.plugin_manager.plugin_manifests.get(plugin_id, {})
-                        
-                        # Prefer plugin's modes attribute if available (dynamic based on enabled leagues)
-                        # Fall back to manifest display_modes if plugin doesn't provide modes
-                        if plugin_instance and hasattr(plugin_instance, 'modes') and plugin_instance.modes:
-                            display_modes = list(plugin_instance.modes)
-                            logger.debug("Using plugin.modes for %s: %s", plugin_id, display_modes)
-                        else:
-                            display_modes = manifest.get('display_modes', [plugin_id])
-                            logger.debug("Using manifest display_modes for %s: %s", plugin_id, display_modes)
-                        
-                        if isinstance(display_modes, list) and display_modes:
-                            self.plugin_display_modes[plugin_id] = list(display_modes)
-                        else:
-                            display_modes = [plugin_id]
-                            self.plugin_display_modes[plugin_id] = list(display_modes)
-                        
-                        # Subscribe plugin to config changes for hot-reload
-                        if hasattr(self, 'config_service') and hasattr(plugin_instance, 'on_config_change'):
-                            def config_change_callback(old_config: Dict[str, Any], new_config: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
-                                """Callback for plugin config changes."""
-                                try:
-                                    plugin_instance.on_config_change(new_config)
-                                    logger.debug("Plugin %s notified of config change", plugin_id)
-                                except Exception as e:
-                                    logger.error("Error in plugin %s config change handler: %s", plugin_id, e, exc_info=True)
-                            
-                            self.config_service.subscribe(config_change_callback, plugin_id=plugin_id)
-                            logger.debug("Subscribed plugin %s to config changes", plugin_id)
-                        
-                        # Add plugin modes to available modes
-                        for mode in display_modes:
-                            self.available_modes.append(mode)
-                            self.plugin_modes[mode] = plugin_instance
-                            self.mode_to_plugin_id[mode] = plugin_id
-                            logger.debug("  Added mode: %s", mode)
-                        
+                        # Register the loaded plugin's modes, config subscription
+                        # and dispatch maps (shared with live enable hot-reload).
+                        self._register_loaded_plugin(plugin_id)
+
                         # Show progress
                         progress_pct = int((loaded_count / enabled_count) * 100)
                         elapsed = time.time() - plugin_time
@@ -367,11 +387,43 @@ class DisplayController:
         self.is_display_active = True
         self._was_display_active = True  # Track previous state for schedule change detection
 
+        # --- Opt #2: cached config values ---
+        # Avoids chained dict.get() with temporary {} defaults on every hot path call.
+        # Refreshed via _refresh_config_cache() on every hot-reload.
+        self._normal_brightness: int = (
+            self.config.get('display', {}).get('hardware', {}).get('brightness', 90)
+        )
+        self._scroll_speed: float = (
+            self.config.get('display', {}).get('vegas_scroll', {}).get('scroll_speed', 75)
+        )
+
         # Brightness state tracking for dim schedule
-        self.current_brightness = self.config.get('display', {}).get('hardware', {}).get('brightness', 90)
+        self.current_brightness = self._normal_brightness
         self.is_dimmed = False
         self._was_dimmed = False
 
+        # --- Opt #3: schedule minute-gate ---
+        # Both _check_schedule and _check_dim_schedule re-evaluated at most once per
+        # clock minute.  Storing the (hour, minute) tuple that was last evaluated lets
+        # the methods skip all timezone / strptime work within the same minute.
+        # Reset to None on config change so the next call re-evaluates immediately.
+        self._tz = None                              # pytz timezone, lazily built from config
+        self._schedule_checked_minute: Optional[tuple] = None
+        self._dim_checked_minute: Optional[tuple] = None
+        self._cached_target_brightness: int = self._normal_brightness
+
+        # Register controller-level hot-reload callback so cached config values
+        # (_normal_brightness, _scroll_speed, _tz, minute-gates) stay in sync
+        # when the user saves settings via the web UI.
+        def _controller_config_change(old_config: Dict[str, Any], new_config: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+            self._refresh_config_cache(new_config)
+            # If a plugin was enabled/disabled, flag a reconcile for the main
+            # loop to apply (loading/unloading off the watcher thread is unsafe).
+            if self._enabled_set_changed(old_config, new_config):
+                self._pending_plugin_reconcile = True
+
+        self.config_service.subscribe(_controller_config_change)
+
         # Publish initial on-demand state
         try:
             self._publish_on_demand_state()
@@ -533,17 +585,24 @@ class DisplayController:
             logger.debug("Schedule is disabled - display always active")
             return
 
-        # Get configured timezone, default to UTC
-        timezone_str = self.config.get('timezone', 'UTC')
-        try:
-            tz = pytz.timezone(timezone_str)
-        except pytz.UnknownTimeZoneError:
-            logger.warning(f"Unknown timezone '{timezone_str}', using UTC")
-            tz = pytz.UTC
+        # Lazily build the timezone object once; reuse on every subsequent call.
+        if self._tz is None:
+            timezone_str = self.config.get('timezone', 'UTC')
+            try:
+                self._tz = pytz.timezone(timezone_str)
+            except pytz.UnknownTimeZoneError:
+                logger.warning("Unknown timezone '%s', using UTC", timezone_str)
+                self._tz = pytz.UTC
 
-        # Use timezone-aware current time
-        current_time = datetime.now(tz)
-        current_day = current_time.strftime('%A').lower()  # Get day name (monday, tuesday, etc.)
+        current_time = datetime.now(self._tz)
+        # Gate: schedule state can only change on a minute boundary, so skip
+        # all the strptime / comparison work if we already evaluated this minute.
+        current_minute_key = (current_time.hour, current_time.minute)
+        if current_minute_key == self._schedule_checked_minute:
+            return
+        self._schedule_checked_minute = current_minute_key
+
+        current_day = current_time.strftime('%A').lower()  # e.g. 'monday'
         current_time_only = current_time.time()
         
         # Check if per-day schedule is configured
@@ -632,8 +691,8 @@ class DisplayController:
             Target brightness level (dim_brightness if in dim period,
             normal brightness otherwise)
         """
-        # Get normal brightness from config
-        normal_brightness = self.config.get('display', {}).get('hardware', {}).get('brightness', 90)
+        # Opt #2: use cached brightness rather than re-traversing config dict
+        normal_brightness = self._normal_brightness
 
         # If display is OFF via schedule, don't process dim schedule
         if not self.is_display_active:
@@ -647,15 +706,21 @@ class DisplayController:
             self.is_dimmed = False
             return normal_brightness
 
-        # Get configured timezone
-        timezone_str = self.config.get('timezone', 'UTC')
-        try:
-            tz = pytz.timezone(timezone_str)
-        except pytz.UnknownTimeZoneError:
-            logger.warning(f"Unknown timezone '{timezone_str}' in dim schedule, using UTC")
-            tz = pytz.UTC
+        # Opt #3: lazily build timezone; gate full re-parse to once per clock minute
+        if self._tz is None:
+            timezone_str = self.config.get('timezone', 'UTC')
+            try:
+                self._tz = pytz.timezone(timezone_str)
+            except pytz.UnknownTimeZoneError:
+                logger.warning("Unknown timezone '%s' in dim schedule, using UTC", timezone_str)
+                self._tz = pytz.UTC
+
+        current_time = datetime.now(self._tz)
+        current_minute_key = (current_time.hour, current_time.minute)
+        if current_minute_key == self._dim_checked_minute:
+            return self._cached_target_brightness
+        self._dim_checked_minute = current_minute_key
 
-        current_time = datetime.now(tz)
         current_day = current_time.strftime('%A').lower()
         current_time_only = current_time.time()
 
@@ -703,10 +768,12 @@ class DisplayController:
                 logger.info(f"Dim schedule deactivated: brightness restored to {target_brightness}%")
 
             self._was_dimmed = self.is_dimmed
+            self._cached_target_brightness = target_brightness  # persist for minute-gate
             return target_brightness
 
         except ValueError as e:
-            logger.warning(f"Invalid dim schedule time format: {e}")
+            logger.warning("Invalid dim schedule time format: %s", e)
+            self._cached_target_brightness = normal_brightness  # persist for minute-gate
             return normal_brightness
 
     def _update_modules(self):
@@ -1382,38 +1449,107 @@ class DisplayController:
         except Exception as e:
             logger.debug(f"Error logging memory stats: {e}")
 
-    def _check_live_priority(self):
+    def _apply_live_priority(self, live_priority_mode):
+        """Switch to a live-priority mode, or resume rotation when it ends.
+
+        When a live-priority plugin preempts the rotation, the position the
+        rotation had reached is saved so that, once live priority ends, the
+        rotation resumes from there instead of continuing after the live
+        plugin's mode (which would skip every mode between the two). The save
+        happens only on the initial switch, not on each re-check while the
+        live hold continues.
         """
-        Check all plugins for live priority content.
-        Returns the mode that should be displayed if live content is found, None otherwise.
-        """
-        for mode_name, plugin_instance in self.plugin_modes.items():
-            if hasattr(plugin_instance, 'has_live_priority') and hasattr(plugin_instance, 'has_live_content'):
+        if live_priority_mode:
+            if self.current_display_mode != live_priority_mode:
+                logger.info("Live content detected - switching immediately to %s", live_priority_mode)
+                if self._live_resume_index is None:
+                    self._live_resume_index = self.current_mode_index
+                self.current_display_mode = live_priority_mode
+                self.force_change = True
+                # Update mode index to match the new mode
                 try:
-                    if plugin_instance.has_live_priority() and plugin_instance.has_live_content():
-                        # Get the specific live mode from the plugin if available
-                        if hasattr(plugin_instance, 'get_live_modes'):
-                            live_modes = plugin_instance.get_live_modes()
-                            if live_modes and len(live_modes) > 0:
-                                # Verify the mode actually exists before returning it
-                                for suggested_mode in live_modes:
-                                    if suggested_mode in self.plugin_modes:
-                                        return suggested_mode
-                                # If suggested modes don't exist, fall through to check current mode
-                        # Fallback: if this mode ends with _live, return it
-                        if mode_name.endswith('_live'):
-                            return mode_name
-                except Exception as e:
-                    logger.warning("Error checking live priority for %s: %s", mode_name, e)
-        return None
+                    self.current_mode_index = self.available_modes.index(live_priority_mode)
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+        elif self._live_resume_index is not None and self.available_modes:
+            # Live priority ended — resume rotation where it was interrupted.
+            self.current_mode_index = self._live_resume_index % len(self.available_modes)
+            self.current_display_mode = self.available_modes[self.current_mode_index]
+            self.force_change = True
+            logger.info("Live priority ended - resuming rotation at %s", self.current_display_mode)
+            self._live_resume_index = None
+
+    def _collect_live_modes(self):
+        """Return every currently live-priority mode, in registration order.
+
+        Scans all registered plugin modes; for each plugin that has live
+        priority *and* live content, collects the specific live mode(s) it
+        reports via get_live_modes() (only those actually registered), falling
+        back to the scanned mode name when it ends in '_live'. Deduplicated,
+        preserving order. A plugin registered under several mode keys (the
+        sports plugins register one per league) contributes each live mode once.
+        """
+        live = []
+        seen = set()
+        for mode_name, plugin_instance in self.plugin_modes.items():
+            if not (hasattr(plugin_instance, 'has_live_priority')
+                    and hasattr(plugin_instance, 'has_live_content')):
+                continue
+            try:
+                if not (plugin_instance.has_live_priority()
+                        and plugin_instance.has_live_content()):
+                    continue
+                resolved = []
+                if hasattr(plugin_instance, 'get_live_modes'):
+                    for suggested_mode in (plugin_instance.get_live_modes() or []):
+                        if suggested_mode in self.plugin_modes:
+                            resolved.append(suggested_mode)
+                if not resolved and mode_name.endswith('_live'):
+                    resolved.append(mode_name)
+                for m in resolved:
+                    if m not in seen:
+                        seen.add(m)
+                        live.append(m)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning("Error checking live priority for %s: %s", mode_name, e)
+        return live
+
+    def _check_live_priority(self, advance=False):
+        """Return the live-priority mode to display, or None if nothing is live.
+
+        When several plugins report live content at once (e.g. a baseball game
+        and a soccer match), this round-robins between them so the display
+        alternates each dwell instead of pinning to whichever plugin is first in
+        registration order.
+
+        advance=False (default): a non-advancing peek — returns the live mode
+        already on screen if it is still live, otherwise the first live mode.
+        Used by the Vegas coordinator and the vegas-active check, which only
+        need to know whether *any* game is live (and must not spin the cursor).
+
+        advance=True: the rotation pick — returns the live mode *after* the one
+        currently shown, so each dwell advances to the next live game. The
+        currently-displayed mode is the cursor, so this stays correct as games
+        start and end (no separate index to keep in sync).
+        """
+        live_modes = self._collect_live_modes()
+        if not live_modes:
+            return None
+        if self.current_display_mode in live_modes:
+            if advance:
+                idx = live_modes.index(self.current_display_mode)
+                return live_modes[(idx + 1) % len(live_modes)]
+            return self.current_display_mode
+        return live_modes[0]
 
     def run(self):
         """Run the display controller, switching between displays."""
         if not self.available_modes:
-            logger.warning("No display modes are enabled. Exiting.")
-            self.display_manager.cleanup()
-            return
-             
+            logger.warning(
+                "No display modes are enabled at startup; idling until a "
+                "plugin is enabled via the web UI."
+            )
+
         try:
             # Initialize with cached data for fast startup - let background updates refresh naturally
             logger.info("Starting display with cached data (fast startup mode)")
@@ -1421,6 +1557,25 @@ class DisplayController:
             logger.info(f"Initial mode set to: {self.current_display_mode} (index: {self.current_mode_index}, total modes: {len(self.available_modes)})")
             
             while True:
+                # Apply plugin enable/disable edits saved via the web UI. The
+                # config-watcher thread only sets the flag; loading/unloading and
+                # rebuilding available_modes happens here on the render thread so
+                # it can't race with rendering. Deferred while on-demand is active
+                # (the flag stays set) so we don't fight its temporary-enable.
+                if self._pending_plugin_reconcile and not self.on_demand_active:
+                    # Only clear the flag on success -- a retryable failure
+                    # (e.g. discovery) leaves it set so the request isn't lost.
+                    if self._reconcile_enabled_plugins():
+                        self._pending_plugin_reconcile = False
+
+                if not self.available_modes:
+                    # Nothing to render yet. Re-check _pending_plugin_reconcile
+                    # every ~1s (rather than a long sleep) so enabling a plugin
+                    # via the web UI is picked up about as promptly as it would
+                    # be once modes exist and the loop is iterating per-frame.
+                    self._sleep_with_plugin_updates(1)
+                    continue
+
                 # Handle on-demand commands before rendering
                 self._poll_on_demand_requests()
                 self._check_on_demand_expiration()
@@ -1483,12 +1638,8 @@ class DisplayController:
                     rp = vc.render_pipeline if (vc and vc.render_pipeline) else None
                     width = self.display_manager.width
 
-                    # Advance local position at Vegas scroll speed (px/s → px/tick)
-                    vegas_speed = (
-                        self.config.get('display', {})
-                            .get('vegas_scroll', {})
-                            .get('scroll_speed', 75)
-                    )
+                    # Opt #2: use pre-cached scroll speed (constant for the run)
+                    vegas_speed = self._scroll_speed
                     local_x = getattr(self, '_follower_local_x', None)
                     if local_x is None:
                         local_x = float(width)  # safe start (past pre-roll guard)
@@ -1570,18 +1721,12 @@ class DisplayController:
                             # Display failed, clear the status and continue normally
                             wifi_status_data = None
 
-                # Check for live priority content and switch to it immediately
+                # Check for live priority content and switch to it immediately.
+                # advance=True so multiple simultaneously-live games take turns
+                # (round-robin) instead of pinning to the first plugin.
                 if not self.on_demand_active and not wifi_status_data:
-                    live_priority_mode = self._check_live_priority()
-                    if live_priority_mode and self.current_display_mode != live_priority_mode:
-                        logger.info("Live content detected - switching immediately to %s", live_priority_mode)
-                        self.current_display_mode = live_priority_mode
-                        self.force_change = True
-                        # Update mode index to match the new mode
-                        try:
-                            self.current_mode_index = self.available_modes.index(live_priority_mode)
-                        except ValueError:
-                            pass
+                    live_priority_mode = self._check_live_priority(advance=True)
+                    self._apply_live_priority(live_priority_mode)
 
                 # Vegas scroll mode - continuous ticker across all plugins
                 # Priority: on-demand > wifi-status > live-priority > vegas > normal rotation
@@ -1628,7 +1773,8 @@ class DisplayController:
 
                 manager_to_display = None
                 
-                logger.info(f"Processing mode: {active_mode}, available_modes: {len(self.available_modes)}, plugin_modes: {list(self.plugin_modes.keys())}")
+                logger.info("Processing mode: %s (%d available)", active_mode, len(self.available_modes))
+                logger.debug("Loaded plugin modes: %s", list(self.plugin_modes.keys()))
                 
                 # Handle plugin-based display modes
                 if active_mode in self.plugin_modes:
@@ -1664,17 +1810,22 @@ class DisplayController:
                     try:
                         logger.debug(f"Calling display() for {active_mode} with force_clear={self.force_change}")
                         if hasattr(manager_to_display, 'display'):
-                            # Check if plugin accepts display_mode parameter
-                            import inspect
-                            sig = inspect.signature(manager_to_display.display)
-                            
+                            # Opt #1: look up (or compute once) whether display() accepts display_mode
+                            _cache_key = plugin_id
+                            if _cache_key not in self._plugin_accepts_display_mode:
+                                import inspect as _inspect
+                                self._plugin_accepts_display_mode[_cache_key] = (
+                                    'display_mode' in _inspect.signature(manager_to_display.display).parameters
+                                )
+                            _accepts_display_mode = self._plugin_accepts_display_mode[_cache_key]
+
                             # Use PluginExecutor for safe execution with timeout
                             if self.plugin_manager and hasattr(self.plugin_manager, 'plugin_executor'):
                                 result = self.plugin_manager.plugin_executor.execute_display(
                                     manager_to_display,
                                     plugin_id,
                                     force_clear=self.force_change,
-                                    display_mode=active_mode if 'display_mode' in sig.parameters else None
+                                    display_mode=active_mode if _accepts_display_mode else None
                                 )
                                 # execute_display returns bool, convert to expected format
                                 if result:
@@ -1683,7 +1834,7 @@ class DisplayController:
                                     result = False  # Failed
                             else:
                                 # Fallback to direct call if executor not available
-                                if 'display_mode' in sig.parameters:
+                                if _accepts_display_mode:
                                     result = manager_to_display.display(display_mode=active_mode, force_clear=self.force_change)
                                 else:
                                     result = manager_to_display.display(force_clear=self.force_change)
@@ -1820,9 +1971,9 @@ class DisplayController:
                     min_duration = base_duration
                     if dynamic_enabled:
                         # Try to get plugin-calculated cycle duration first
-                        logger.info("Attempting to get cycle duration for mode %s", active_mode)
+                        logger.debug("Attempting to get cycle duration for mode %s", active_mode)
                         plugin_cycle_duration = self._plugin_cycle_duration(manager_to_display, active_mode)
-                        logger.info("Got cycle duration: %s", plugin_cycle_duration)
+                        logger.debug("Got cycle duration: %s", plugin_cycle_duration)
                         
                         # Get caps for validation
                         plugin_cap = self._plugin_dynamic_cap(manager_to_display)
@@ -1962,7 +2113,7 @@ class DisplayController:
                         if needs_high_fps:
                             # Ultra-smooth FPS for scrolling plugins (8ms = 125 FPS)
                             display_interval = 0.008
-                            logger.info(
+                            logger.debug(
                                 "Entering high-FPS loop for %s with display_interval=%.3fs (%.1f FPS)",
                                 active_mode,
                                 display_interval,
@@ -1972,7 +2123,7 @@ class DisplayController:
                             while True:
                                 try:
                                     # Pass display_mode to maintain sticky manager state
-                                    if 'display_mode' in sig.parameters:
+                                    if _accepts_display_mode:
                                         result = manager_to_display.display(display_mode=active_mode, force_clear=False)
                                     else:
                                         result = manager_to_display.display(force_clear=False)
@@ -2014,7 +2165,7 @@ class DisplayController:
                         else:
                             # Normal FPS for other plugins (1 second)
                             display_interval = 1.0
-                            logger.info(
+                            logger.debug(
                                 "Entering normal FPS loop for %s with display_interval=%.3fs",
                                 active_mode,
                                 display_interval
@@ -2036,7 +2187,7 @@ class DisplayController:
 
                                 try:
                                     # Pass display_mode to maintain sticky manager state
-                                    if 'display_mode' in sig.parameters:
+                                    if _accepts_display_mode:
                                         result = manager_to_display.display(display_mode=active_mode, force_clear=False)
                                     else:
                                         result = manager_to_display.display(force_clear=False)
@@ -2069,6 +2220,23 @@ class DisplayController:
                                     loop_completed = True
                                     break
 
+                        # LOAD-BEARING: if current_display_mode changed mid-loop (on-demand
+                        # activation, live priority, etc.), restart the main loop now instead
+                        # of falling into the "honour minimum duration" sleep below. That sleep
+                        # can run for up to the *previous* mode's full display_duration (default
+                        # 30s) and doesn't poll on-demand requests or re-check the mode, so a
+                        # freshly-requested mode switch would sit invisible for up to 30s — or
+                        # get clobbered by a queued stop request — before ever rendering.
+                        #
+                        # This guard was added in #298 (live priority interrupting long display
+                        # durations) and was accidentally dropped in #330 as collateral damage of
+                        # an unrelated time.monotonic() -> time.time() cleanup in the same hunk.
+                        # Removing it again will silently reintroduce both issues. _activate_on_demand
+                        # already sets force_change=True and clears the display, so the next loop
+                        # iteration renders the new mode immediately.
+                        if self.current_display_mode != active_mode:
+                            continue
+
                         # Ensure we honour minimum duration when not dynamic and loop ended early
                         if (
                             not dynamic_enabled
@@ -2145,7 +2313,7 @@ class DisplayController:
                         except Exception as e:
                             logger.warning("Error checking live priority for %s: %s", active_mode, e)
                 
-                if should_rotate:
+                if should_rotate and self.available_modes:
                     self.current_mode_index = (self.current_mode_index + 1) % len(self.available_modes)
                     self.current_display_mode = self.available_modes[self.current_mode_index]
                     self.last_mode_change = time.time()
@@ -2333,6 +2501,200 @@ class DisplayController:
             self.wifi_status_active = False
             self.wifi_status_expires_at = None
 
+    def _register_loaded_plugin(self, plugin_id: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Register an already-loaded plugin's display modes, config-change
+        subscription and dispatch maps with the controller.
+
+        Shared by startup loading and live enable hot-reload so both paths
+        build identical controller state. Returns the registered modes.
+        """
+        plugin_instance = self.plugin_manager.get_plugin(plugin_id)
+        manifest = self.plugin_manager.plugin_manifests.get(plugin_id, {})
+
+        # Prefer the plugin's dynamic modes attribute (e.g. based on enabled
+        # leagues), else fall back to manifest display_modes, else the id.
+        if plugin_instance is not None and getattr(plugin_instance, 'modes', None):
+            display_modes = list(plugin_instance.modes)
+            logger.debug("Using plugin.modes for %s: %s", plugin_id, display_modes)
+        else:
+            display_modes = manifest.get('display_modes', [plugin_id])
+            logger.debug("Using manifest display_modes for %s: %s", plugin_id, display_modes)
+        if not (isinstance(display_modes, list) and display_modes):
+            display_modes = [plugin_id]
+        self.plugin_display_modes[plugin_id] = list(display_modes)
+
+        # Subscribe to config changes for per-plugin hot-reload. Bind plugin_id
+        # and instance as defaults so each plugin's callback targets its own
+        # instance (avoids late-binding when registering many plugins), and
+        # remember the callback so we can unsubscribe on disable.
+        if hasattr(self, 'config_service') and hasattr(plugin_instance, 'on_config_change'):
+            def config_change_callback(old_config: Dict[str, Any], new_config: Dict[str, Any],
+                                       _pid: str = plugin_id, _plugin: Any = plugin_instance) -> None:
+                """Callback for plugin config changes."""
+                try:
+                    _plugin.on_config_change(new_config)
+                    logger.debug("Plugin %s notified of config change", _pid)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.error("Error in plugin %s config change handler: %s", _pid, e, exc_info=True)
+
+            self.config_service.subscribe(config_change_callback, plugin_id=plugin_id)
+            self._plugin_config_callbacks[plugin_id] = config_change_callback
+            logger.debug("Subscribed plugin %s to config changes", plugin_id)
+
+        # Add modes to the dispatch maps.
+        for mode in display_modes:
+            if mode not in self.available_modes:
+                self.available_modes.append(mode)
+            self.plugin_modes[mode] = plugin_instance
+            self.mode_to_plugin_id[mode] = plugin_id
+            logger.debug("  Added mode: %s", mode)
+        # Invalidate signature cache so the new instance is re-inspected.
+        self._plugin_accepts_display_mode.pop(plugin_id, None)
+        return display_modes
+
+    def _unregister_plugin(self, plugin_id: str) -> None:
+        """Remove a plugin's modes, config subscription and instance, then
+        unload it. Used by live disable hot-reload."""
+        modes = self.plugin_display_modes.pop(plugin_id, [])
+        for mode in modes:
+            if mode in self.available_modes:
+                self.available_modes.remove(mode)
+            self.plugin_modes.pop(mode, None)
+            self.mode_to_plugin_id.pop(mode, None)
+
+        # Unsubscribe the plugin's config-change callback. Pop only on a
+        # successful unsubscribe -- if it raises, keep our reference so a
+        # later retry (or at least cleanup) still has the real callback
+        # instead of a lost one.
+        callback = self._plugin_config_callbacks.get(plugin_id)
+        if callback is not None and hasattr(self, 'config_service'):
+            try:
+                self.config_service.unsubscribe(callback, plugin_id=plugin_id)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.debug("Error unsubscribing plugin %s from config changes: %s", plugin_id, e)
+            else:
+                self._plugin_config_callbacks.pop(plugin_id, None)
+        else:
+            self._plugin_config_callbacks.pop(plugin_id, None)
+
+        self._plugin_accepts_display_mode.pop(plugin_id, None)
+
+        # Tear down the instance (cleanup + on_disable + module unload).
+        try:
+            self.plugin_manager.unload_plugin(plugin_id)
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error("Error unloading plugin %s: %s", plugin_id, e, exc_info=True)
+
+        logger.info("Disabled plugin %s live (removed modes: %s)", plugin_id, modes)
+
+    def _enabled_set_changed(self, old_config: Dict[str, Any], new_config: Dict[str, Any]) -> bool:
+        """True if any top-level section's ``enabled`` flag differs between two
+        configs. A cheap watcher-thread check that gates the full reconcile.
+        Non-plugin sections (e.g. schedule) may match too; the reconcile
+        no-ops for anything that isn't a discovered plugin."""
+        def enabled_map(cfg: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, bool]:
+            return {
+                key: bool(value.get('enabled', False))
+                for key, value in cfg.items()
+                if isinstance(value, dict)
+            }
+        return enabled_map(old_config) != enabled_map(new_config)
+
+    def _reconcile_enabled_plugins(self) -> bool:
+        """Load/unload plugins so the running set matches the enabled set in
+        config. Runs on the main display thread (never the config-watcher
+        thread) so mutating available_modes is race-free against rendering.
+
+        Returns True if reconciliation completed (including a no-op), or
+        False on a retryable failure -- the caller keeps the pending-reconcile
+        flag set in that case so the request isn't silently dropped."""
+        if self.plugin_manager is None:
+            return True
+        try:
+            config = self.config_service.get_config()
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning("Plugin reconcile: falling back to cached config: %s", e)
+            config = self.config
+        try:
+            discovered = set(self.plugin_manager.discover_plugins())
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error("Plugin reconcile: discovery failed: %s", e, exc_info=True)
+            return False
+
+        for p in discovered:
+            if p in config and not isinstance(config.get(p), dict):
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Plugin reconcile: config for %s is a %s, not a dict; treating as disabled",
+                    p, type(config.get(p)).__name__
+                )
+
+        desired = {
+            p for p in discovered
+            if isinstance(config.get(p), dict) and config.get(p, {}).get('enabled', False)
+        }
+        current = set(self.plugin_display_modes.keys())
+        to_add = desired - current
+        to_remove = current - desired
+        if not to_add and not to_remove:
+            return True
+
+        previous_mode = self.current_display_mode
+
+        for plugin_id in to_remove:
+            self._unregister_plugin(plugin_id)
+
+        for plugin_id in to_add:
+            try:
+                if self.plugin_manager.load_plugin(plugin_id):
+                    modes = self._register_loaded_plugin(plugin_id)
+                    logger.info("Enabled plugin %s live (modes: %s)", plugin_id, modes)
+                else:
+                    logger.warning("Plugin reconcile: failed to load %s", plugin_id)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.error("Plugin reconcile: error enabling %s: %s", plugin_id, e, exc_info=True)
+
+        self._resync_mode_index_after_change(previous_mode)
+        logger.info("Plugin reconcile complete: +%s -%s (%d modes)",
+                    sorted(to_add), sorted(to_remove), len(self.available_modes))
+        return True
+
+    def _resync_mode_index_after_change(self, previous_mode: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        """Clamp rotation state after available_modes changed. Stays on the
+        previous mode if it survived, otherwise restarts cleanly within range."""
+        if not self.available_modes:
+            self.current_mode_index = 0
+            self.current_display_mode = None
+            return
+        if previous_mode in self.available_modes:
+            self.current_mode_index = self.available_modes.index(previous_mode)
+        else:
+            self.current_mode_index %= len(self.available_modes)
+            self.current_display_mode = self.available_modes[self.current_mode_index]
+
+    def _refresh_config_cache(self, new_config: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Refresh all config-derived caches when a hot-reload fires.
+
+        Called by the controller-level ConfigService subscriber.  Keeps
+        ``_normal_brightness``, ``_scroll_speed``, the cached timezone, and the
+        schedule minute-gates consistent with the live config so callers never
+        read stale values after the user saves settings via the web UI.
+        """
+        self.config = new_config
+        self._normal_brightness = (
+            self.config.get('display', {}).get('hardware', {}).get('brightness', 90)
+        )
+        self._scroll_speed = (
+            self.config.get('display', {}).get('vegas_scroll', {}).get('scroll_speed', 75)
+        )
+        # Force the timezone to be re-derived from the new config on next schedule check
+        self._tz = None
+        # Invalidate minute-gates so the new schedule/dim times take effect immediately
+        self._schedule_checked_minute = None
+        self._dim_checked_minute = None
+        self._cached_target_brightness = self._normal_brightness
+        logger.debug("Config cache refreshed (brightness=%s, scroll_speed=%s)",
+                     self._normal_brightness, self._scroll_speed)
+
     def cleanup(self):
         """Clean up resources."""
         # Shutdown config service if it exists
@@ -2347,6 +2709,7 @@ class DisplayController:
         logger.info("Cleanup complete.")
 
 def main():
+    """Application entry point — create a DisplayController and run until interrupted."""
     controller = DisplayController()
     controller.run()
 

src/display_manager.py

@@ -1,3 +1,28 @@
+"""
+Display Manager — hardware abstraction layer for the RGB LED matrix.
+
+This module provides :class:`DisplayManager`, the single interface between
+application code and the physical (or emulated) LED panel.
+
+Key responsibilities
+--------------------
+* Initialise the ``RGBMatrix`` (hardware) or ``RGBMatrixEmulator`` depending
+  on the ``EMULATOR`` environment variable.
+* Expose a PIL ``Image``/``ImageDraw`` canvas that plugins draw into, then
+  flush it to the matrix via double-buffering (:meth:`DisplayManager.update_display`).
+* Load and cache TTF/BDF fonts; expose ``draw_text`` for consistent text rendering.
+* Provide ``width`` / ``height`` properties — always use these instead of
+  hard-coding display dimensions.
+* Write periodic PNG snapshots to ``/tmp/led_matrix_preview.png`` for the
+  web-interface live preview.
+* Track scrolling state and gate deferred updates so plugins don't race with
+  an in-progress scroll.
+
+Singleton: only one ``DisplayManager`` instance exists per process.  The
+first call to ``DisplayManager(config)`` creates it; subsequent calls return
+the same object.
+"""
+
 import json
 import os
 import tempfile
@@ -8,7 +33,7 @@ else:
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
 import time
-from typing import Dict, Any, List
+from typing import Dict, Any, List, Optional
 import logging
 import math
 import freetype
@@ -17,7 +42,125 @@ import freetype
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)  # Set to INFO level
 
+
+class _LogicalMatrix:
+    """Proxy that reports a logical (per-screen) size for a physical matrix.
+
+    In double-sided mode the physical panel chain shows N identical copies of a
+    smaller logical screen. Plugins size themselves from ``matrix.width`` /
+    ``matrix.height`` (the documented convention, used at 30+ call sites), so
+    this proxy reports the logical dimensions while delegating every real
+    operation — ``CreateFrameCanvas``, ``SwapOnVSync``, ``brightness``,
+    ``Clear`` and so on — to the underlying physical matrix. The duplication
+    itself happens once per frame in :meth:`DisplayManager.update_display`.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_logical_height", "_logical_width", "_matrix")
+
+    def __init__(self, matrix: RGBMatrix, logical_width: int, logical_height: int) -> None:
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_matrix", matrix)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_logical_width", logical_width)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_logical_height", logical_height)
+
+    @property
+    def width(self) -> int:
+        """Logical (per-screen) width reported to plugins."""
+        return self._logical_width
+
+    @property
+    def height(self) -> int:
+        """Logical (per-screen) height reported to plugins."""
+        return self._logical_height
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        """Forward any non-overridden attribute access to the physical matrix.
+
+        Reached only when normal lookup fails (i.e. not width/height/_*).
+        """
+        return getattr(object.__getattribute__(self, "_matrix"), name)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        """Forward attribute writes (e.g. ``matrix.brightness = 80``) to it."""
+        setattr(object.__getattribute__(self, "_matrix"), name, value)
+
+
+def _resolve_double_sided(physical_width: int, physical_height: int,
+                          ds_config: Dict[str, Any]) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Validate the ``display.double_sided`` config against the physical size.
+
+    Returns a dict ``{copies, axis, logical_width, logical_height}`` when the
+    feature is enabled and the physical panel divides evenly into ``copies``
+    along the chosen axis, otherwise ``None`` (single-screen behaviour). Bad
+    config is logged and disabled rather than raised — a misconfigured panel
+    should still light up.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(ds_config, dict) or not ds_config.get('enabled', False):
+        return None
+
+    copies = ds_config.get('copies', 2)
+    if not isinstance(copies, int) or copies < 2:
+        logger.warning(
+            "double_sided: 'copies' must be an integer >= 2 (got %r); "
+            "disabling double-sided mode", copies)
+        return None
+
+    axis = ds_config.get('axis', 'horizontal')
+    if axis not in ('horizontal', 'vertical'):
+        logger.warning(
+            "double_sided: 'axis' must be 'horizontal' or 'vertical' "
+            "(got %r); defaulting to 'horizontal'", axis)
+        axis = 'horizontal'
+
+    # Horizontal splits the chain (panels side by side); vertical splits the
+    # parallel outputs (panels stacked). The split axis must divide evenly.
+    if axis == 'horizontal':
+        if physical_width % copies != 0:
+            logger.warning(
+                "double_sided: physical width %d is not divisible by copies "
+                "%d; disabling double-sided mode", physical_width, copies)
+            return None
+        logical_width = physical_width // copies
+        logical_height = physical_height
+    else:
+        if physical_height % copies != 0:
+            logger.warning(
+                "double_sided: physical height %d is not divisible by copies "
+                "%d; disabling double-sided mode", physical_height, copies)
+            return None
+        logical_width = physical_width
+        logical_height = physical_height // copies
+
+    logger.info(
+        "double_sided enabled: %d copies on %s axis — logical screen %dx%d "
+        "tiled across physical %dx%d", copies, axis, logical_width,
+        logical_height, physical_width, physical_height)
+    return {
+        'copies': copies,
+        'axis': axis,
+        'logical_width': logical_width,
+        'logical_height': logical_height,
+    }
+
+
 class DisplayManager:
+    """
+    Singleton hardware abstraction layer for the RGB LED matrix.
+
+    Plugins should never interact with ``RGBMatrix`` directly; they use this
+    class to draw content and call :meth:`update_display` to push frames to
+    the panel.
+
+    Typical plugin usage::
+
+        canvas = Image.new('RGB', (self.display_manager.width,
+                                   self.display_manager.height), (0, 0, 0))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(canvas)
+        # ... draw content ...
+        self.display_manager.image = canvas
+        self.display_manager.draw = ImageDraw.Draw(self.display_manager.image)
+        self.display_manager.update_display()
+    """
+
     _instance = None
     _initialized = False
 
@@ -33,6 +176,14 @@ class DisplayManager:
         self._suppress_test_pattern = suppress_test_pattern
         # When True, update_display() and clear() skip hardware writes (used during off-screen content capture)
         self._capture_mode_active = False
+        # Double-sided mode state (resolved in _setup_matrix). When disabled,
+        # the logical image is blitted to the matrix unchanged.
+        self._double_sided = None  # dict {copies, axis, logical_width, logical_height} or None
+        self._physical_image = None  # full-chain buffer reused each frame when tiling
+        # Text-width measurement cache: (text, id(font)) -> pixel_width
+        # Avoids re-measuring the same string+font on every display() call.
+        # Cleared on _load_fonts() so stale entries don't survive a font reload.
+        self._text_width_cache: Dict[tuple, int] = {}
         # Snapshot settings for web preview integration (service writes, web reads)
         self._snapshot_path = "/tmp/led_matrix_preview.png"  # nosec B108 - fixed path intentional; web UI reads same path
         self._snapshot_min_interval_sec = 0.2  # max ~5 fps
@@ -121,13 +272,26 @@ class DisplayManager:
             # Initialize the matrix
             self.matrix = RGBMatrix(options=options)
             logger.info("RGB Matrix initialized successfully")
-            
-            # Create double buffer for smooth updates
+
+            # Create double buffer for smooth updates. The canvases are always
+            # full physical size — they back the real chain regardless of mode.
             self.offscreen_canvas = self.matrix.CreateFrameCanvas()
             self.current_canvas = self.matrix.CreateFrameCanvas()
             logger.info("Frame canvases created successfully")
-            
-            # Create image with full chain width
+
+            # Double-sided mode: wrap the physical matrix so plugins see the
+            # logical (per-screen) size, and keep a full-chain buffer to tile
+            # the rendered screen into once per frame.
+            ds_config = self.config.get('display', {}).get('double_sided', {})
+            ds = _resolve_double_sided(self.matrix.width, self.matrix.height, ds_config)
+            self._double_sided = ds
+            if ds is not None:
+                self._physical_image = Image.new(
+                    'RGB', (self.matrix.width, self.matrix.height))
+                self.matrix = _LogicalMatrix(
+                    self.matrix, ds['logical_width'], ds['logical_height'])
+
+            # Create image with the (logical) display dimensions
             self.image = Image.new('RGB', (self.matrix.width, self.matrix.height))
             self.draw = ImageDraw.Draw(self.image)
             logger.info(f"Image canvas created with dimensions: {self.matrix.width}x{self.matrix.height}")
@@ -154,8 +318,16 @@ class DisplayManager:
                 rows = int(hardware_config.get('rows', 32))
                 cols = int(hardware_config.get('cols', 64))
                 chain_length = int(hardware_config.get('chain_length', 2))
+                parallel = int(hardware_config.get('parallel', 1))
                 fallback_width = max(1, cols * chain_length)
-                fallback_height = max(1, rows)
+                fallback_height = max(1, rows * parallel)
+                # Mirror double-sided in fallback so the preview shows one screen.
+                ds_config = self.config.get('display', {}).get('double_sided', {}) if self.config else {}
+                ds = _resolve_double_sided(fallback_width, fallback_height, ds_config)
+                self._double_sided = ds
+                if ds is not None:
+                    fallback_width = ds['logical_width']
+                    fallback_height = ds['logical_height']
             except Exception:
                 fallback_width, fallback_height = 128, 32
 
@@ -317,6 +489,25 @@ class DisplayManager:
         finally:
             self._capture_mode_active = False
 
+    def _composite_double_sided(self):
+        """Tile the logical screen across the full physical chain.
+
+        Renders once into ``self._physical_image`` by pasting the rendered
+        logical image ``copies`` times along the configured axis. The paste is
+        a single memcpy per copy, so the per-frame cost is negligible and the
+        plugin render path is untouched.
+        """
+        ds = self._double_sided
+        phys = self._physical_image
+        lw = ds['logical_width']
+        lh = ds['logical_height']
+        for i in range(ds['copies']):
+            if ds['axis'] == 'vertical':
+                phys.paste(self.image, (0, i * lh))
+            else:
+                phys.paste(self.image, (i * lw, 0))
+        return phys
+
     def update_display(self):
         """Update the display using double buffering with proper sync."""
         try:
@@ -330,8 +521,12 @@ class DisplayManager:
             if self._capture_mode_active:
                 return  # Skip hardware write — content is being captured off-screen
 
-            # Copy the current image to the offscreen canvas
-            self.offscreen_canvas.SetImage(self.image)
+            # Copy the current image to the offscreen canvas. In double-sided
+            # mode the logical screen is first tiled across the full chain.
+            if self._double_sided is not None:
+                self.offscreen_canvas.SetImage(self._composite_double_sided())
+            else:
+                self.offscreen_canvas.SetImage(self.image)
 
             # Swap buffers immediately
             self.matrix.SwapOnVSync(self.offscreen_canvas)
@@ -437,6 +632,9 @@ class DisplayManager:
 
     def _load_fonts(self):
         """Load fonts with proper error handling."""
+        # Font objects get new id()s after reload, so the text-width cache would
+        # return stale measurements keyed on the old ids.  Clear it here.
+        self._text_width_cache.clear()
         try:
             # Load Press Start 2P font
             self.regular_font = ImageFont.truetype("assets/fonts/PressStart2P-Regular.ttf", 8)
@@ -497,22 +695,32 @@ class DisplayManager:
 
 
     def get_text_width(self, text, font):
-        """Get the width of text when rendered with the given font."""
+        """Get the width of text when rendered with the given font.
+
+        Results are cached by (text, font identity) so plugins that measure
+        the same string every frame (e.g. to centre a score) pay only one
+        measurement per unique (text, font) pair.
+        """
+        cache_key = (text, id(font))
+        cached = self._text_width_cache.get(cache_key)
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+
         try:
             if isinstance(font, freetype.Face):
-                # For FreeType faces, calculate width using freetype
                 width = 0
                 for char in text:
                     font.load_char(char)
                     width += font.glyph.advance.x >> 6
-                return width
             else:
-                # For PIL fonts, use textbbox
                 bbox = self.draw.textbbox((0, 0), text, font=font)
-                return bbox[2] - bbox[0]
-        except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error getting text width: {e}")
-            return 0  # Return 0 as fallback
+                width = bbox[2] - bbox[0]
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError, ValueError, OSError) as e:
+            logger.error("Error getting text width: %s", e)
+            return 0
+
+        self._text_width_cache[cache_key] = width
+        return width
 
     def get_font_height(self, font):
         """Get the height of the given font for line spacing purposes."""

src/font_manager.py

@@ -1,3 +1,30 @@
+"""
+Font Manager — TTF/BDF font loading, caching, and dynamic registration.
+
+:class:`FontManager` serves two purposes:
+
+1. **System fonts** — loads the configured small/medium/large TTF fonts (and
+   their BDF bitmap equivalents) at startup, caches metrics, and exposes them
+   via ``DisplayManager`` attributes (``small_font``, ``medium_font``, etc.).
+
+2. **Plugin fonts** — lets plugins register their own fonts at runtime via
+   :meth:`FontManager.register_manager_font` and resolve them later via
+   :meth:`FontManager.resolve_font`.  Registered fonts are namespaced by
+   plugin ID so they cannot collide.
+
+Font sources
+------------
+* Local paths relative to the project root.
+* Remote URLs — downloaded once, cached to disk, and never re-fetched while
+  the cached copy is fresh.
+
+BDF fallback
+------------
+Pixel-accurate LED fonts are stored as ``.bdf`` (Bitmap Distribution Format)
+files.  When PIL cannot measure BDF glyphs natively, ``freetype-py`` is used
+for accurate width/height calculations.
+"""
+
 import os
 import logging
 import freetype

src/plugin_system/plugin_manager.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import threading
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Any
 import logging
-from src.exceptions import PluginError
+from src.exceptions import PluginError, ConfigError
 from src.logging_config import get_logger
 from src.plugin_system.plugin_loader import PluginLoader
 from src.plugin_system.plugin_executor import PluginExecutor
@@ -81,7 +81,13 @@ class PluginManager:
         self.plugin_manifests: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {}
         self.plugin_modules: Dict[str, Any] = {}
         self.plugin_last_update: Dict[str, float] = {}
-        
+
+        # Cached data-fetch intervals per plugin_id.
+        # _get_plugin_update_interval falls back to config_manager.get_config()
+        # (a full dict copy) when the manifest lacks an interval — caching avoids
+        # that copy on every 30-fps tick.  Cleared on load/unload.
+        self._update_interval_cache: Dict[str, Optional[float]] = {}
+
         # Health tracking (optional, set by display_controller if available)
         self.health_tracker = None
         self.resource_monitor = None
@@ -388,6 +394,8 @@ class PluginManager:
             # Store plugin instance
             self.plugins[plugin_id] = plugin_instance
             self.plugin_last_update[plugin_id] = 0.0
+            # Invalidate cached interval so next tick re-derives it for this plugin
+            self._update_interval_cache.pop(plugin_id, None)
             
             # Update state based on enabled status
             if config.get('enabled', True):
@@ -444,8 +452,8 @@ class PluginManager:
             
             # Remove from active plugins
             del self.plugins[plugin_id]
-            if plugin_id in self.plugin_last_update:
-                del self.plugin_last_update[plugin_id]
+            self.plugin_last_update.pop(plugin_id, None)
+            self._update_interval_cache.pop(plugin_id, None)
             
             # Remove main module from sys.modules if present
             module_name = f"plugin_{plugin_id.replace('-', '_')}"
@@ -639,41 +647,46 @@ class PluginManager:
 
     def _get_plugin_update_interval(self, plugin_id: str, plugin_instance: Any) -> Optional[float]:
         """
-        Get the update interval for a plugin.
-        
-        Args:
-            plugin_id: Plugin identifier
-            plugin_instance: Plugin instance
-            
-        Returns:
-            Update interval in seconds or None if not configured
+        Get the data-fetch interval for a plugin (seconds between update() calls).
+
+        Result is cached per plugin_id after the first lookup to avoid calling
+        config_manager.get_config() — which returns a full dict copy — on every
+        tick of the 30-fps display loop.  The cache is invalidated when a plugin
+        is loaded or unloaded.
         """
-        # Check manifest first
+        if plugin_id in self._update_interval_cache:
+            return self._update_interval_cache[plugin_id]
+
+        interval: Optional[float] = None
+
+        # 1. Manifest (immutable after load — preferred source)
         manifest = self.plugin_manifests.get(plugin_id, {})
-        update_interval = manifest.get('update_interval')
-        
-        if update_interval:
+        raw = manifest.get('update_interval')
+        if raw is not None:
             try:
-                return float(update_interval)
+                interval = float(raw)
             except (ValueError, TypeError):
                 pass
-        
-        # Check plugin config
-        if self.config_manager:
+
+        # 2. Plugin config (mutable; only read once and then cached)
+        if interval is None and self.config_manager:
             try:
                 config = self.config_manager.get_config()
-                plugin_config = config.get(plugin_id, {})
-                update_interval = plugin_config.get('update_interval')
-                if update_interval:
+                raw = config.get(plugin_id, {}).get('update_interval')
+                if raw is not None:
                     try:
-                        return float(update_interval)
+                        interval = float(raw)
                     except (ValueError, TypeError):
                         pass
-            except Exception as e:
+            except (ConfigError, OSError, ValueError, TypeError) as e:
                 self.logger.debug("Could not get update interval from config: %s", e)
-        
-        # Default: 60 seconds
-        return 60.0
+
+        # 3. Default
+        if interval is None:
+            interval = 60.0
+
+        self._update_interval_cache[plugin_id] = interval
+        return interval
 
     def _record_update_failure(
         self,

src/plugin_system/state_reconciliation.py

@@ -322,10 +322,19 @@ class StateReconciliation:
                 and hasattr(self.store_manager, 'was_recently_uninstalled')
                 and self.store_manager.was_recently_uninstalled(plugin_id)
             )
+            # Also refuse to resurrect a plugin the user has persistently
+            # uninstalled. Unlike the in-memory race guard above, this record
+            # survives restarts, so the user's removal sticks across updates.
+            persistently_uninstalled = (
+                self.store_manager is not None
+                and hasattr(self.store_manager, 'is_plugin_uninstalled')
+                and self.store_manager.is_plugin_uninstalled(plugin_id)
+            )
             can_repair = (
                 self.store_manager is not None
                 and not previously_unrecoverable
                 and not recently_uninstalled
+                and not persistently_uninstalled
             )
             inconsistencies.append(Inconsistency(
                 plugin_id=plugin_id,

src/plugin_system/store_manager.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from both the official registry and custom GitHub repositories.
 
 import hashlib
 import os
+import re
 import json
 import stat
 import subprocess
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ import time
 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
 from datetime import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List, Dict, Optional, Any, Tuple
+from typing import List, Dict, Optional, Any, Tuple, Set
 import logging
 
 from urllib.parse import urlparse
@@ -43,13 +44,24 @@ class PluginStoreManager:
     """
     
     REGISTRY_URL = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ChuckBuilds/ledmatrix-plugins/main/plugins.json"
+
+    # A valid plugin id is a single path component: starts alphanumeric, then
+    # alphanumerics / dot / dash / underscore. Used to keep the uninstall
+    # registry from ever turning a corrupt or hand-edited entry (e.g. "",
+    # "..", "../x") into a filesystem path that purge_uninstalled_plugins
+    # would delete — an empty id resolves to the plugins root itself.
+    _PLUGIN_ID_RE = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9._-]*$")
     
-    def __init__(self, plugins_dir: str = "plugins"):
+    def __init__(self, plugins_dir: str = "plugins",
+                 uninstalled_registry_path: Optional[str] = None):
         """
         Initialize the plugin store manager.
 
         Args:
             plugins_dir: Directory where plugins are installed
+            uninstalled_registry_path: Path to the JSON file recording plugins
+                the user has uninstalled. Defaults to
+                ``config/uninstalled_plugins.json`` under the project root.
         """
         self.plugins_dir = Path(plugins_dir)
         self.logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -84,6 +96,25 @@ class PluginStoreManager:
         self._uninstall_tombstones: Dict[str, float] = {}
         self._uninstall_tombstone_ttl = 300  # 5 minutes
 
+        # Persistent record of plugins the user has uninstalled. Unlike the
+        # in-memory tombstones above (a short-lived race guard), this survives
+        # restarts so that a core ``git pull`` update cannot resurrect a
+        # built-in plugin the user removed. Built-in plugins (e.g.
+        # ``web-ui-info``, ``starlark-apps``) are committed into the repo under
+        # ``plugin-repos/``, so a plain ``git pull`` restores their files even
+        # after the user deleted them. ``purge_uninstalled_plugins`` re-removes
+        # any such resurrected directory; ``install_plugin`` clears the record
+        # when the user deliberately reinstalls. The file is gitignored.
+        if uninstalled_registry_path is not None:
+            self._uninstalled_registry_path = Path(uninstalled_registry_path)
+        else:
+            self._uninstalled_registry_path = (
+                Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "config" / "uninstalled_plugins.json"
+            )
+        # Serializes read-modify-write of the registry file so concurrent
+        # install/uninstall requests can't lose updates.
+        self._uninstalled_registry_lock = threading.Lock()
+
         # Cache for _get_local_git_info: {plugin_path_str: (signature, data)}
         # where ``signature`` is a tuple of (head_mtime, resolved_ref_mtime,
         # head_contents) so a fast-forward update to the current branch
@@ -143,6 +174,135 @@ class PluginStoreManager:
             return False
         return True
 
+    def _is_valid_plugin_id(self, plugin_id: Any) -> bool:
+        """Return True if ``plugin_id`` is a safe single-component plugin id.
+
+        Rejects empty strings, anything with a path separator, and traversal
+        sequences like ``..`` so a registry entry can never escape (or target
+        the root of) ``self.plugins_dir`` during a purge.
+        """
+        return isinstance(plugin_id, str) and bool(self._PLUGIN_ID_RE.match(plugin_id))
+
+    def _read_uninstalled_registry(self) -> Set[str]:
+        """Read the persistent set of uninstalled plugin IDs.
+
+        Returns an empty set if the file is missing, unreadable, or corrupt —
+        a broken registry must never block normal plugin operations. Invalid
+        ids are dropped here so callers never turn them into paths.
+        """
+        try:
+            if not self._uninstalled_registry_path.exists():
+                return set()
+            with open(self._uninstalled_registry_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                data = json.load(f)
+            if not isinstance(data, list):
+                self.logger.warning(
+                    "Uninstalled-plugin registry at %s is not a list; ignoring it",
+                    self._uninstalled_registry_path,
+                )
+                return set()
+            valid: Set[str] = set()
+            for pid in data:
+                if self._is_valid_plugin_id(pid):
+                    valid.add(pid)
+                else:
+                    self.logger.warning(
+                        "Ignoring invalid plugin id in uninstall registry: %r", pid
+                    )
+            return valid
+        except (OSError, ValueError) as e:
+            self.logger.warning(
+                "Could not read uninstalled-plugin registry at %s: %s",
+                self._uninstalled_registry_path, e,
+            )
+            return set()
+
+    def _write_uninstalled_registry(self, plugin_ids: Set[str]) -> None:
+        """Persist the set of uninstalled plugin IDs (sorted, atomically)."""
+        path = self._uninstalled_registry_path
+        try:
+            path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            tmp_path = path.with_suffix(path.suffix + ".tmp")
+            with open(tmp_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                json.dump(sorted(plugin_ids), f, indent=2)
+            os.replace(tmp_path, path)
+        except OSError as e:
+            self.logger.error(
+                "Failed to write uninstalled-plugin registry at %s: %s", path, e
+            )
+
+    def record_uninstalled_plugin(self, plugin_id: str) -> None:
+        """Persistently record that the user uninstalled ``plugin_id``.
+
+        Survives restarts so a core update cannot resurrect the plugin.
+        """
+        if not self._is_valid_plugin_id(plugin_id):
+            self.logger.error("Refusing to record invalid plugin id: %r", plugin_id)
+            return
+        with self._uninstalled_registry_lock:
+            recorded = self._read_uninstalled_registry()
+            if plugin_id not in recorded:
+                recorded.add(plugin_id)
+                self._write_uninstalled_registry(recorded)
+                self.logger.info("Recorded %s as uninstalled (persistent)", plugin_id)
+
+    def forget_uninstalled_plugin(self, *plugin_ids: str) -> None:
+        """Drop ``plugin_ids`` from the persistent uninstall registry.
+
+        Called when a plugin is deliberately (re)installed so future updates
+        keep it.
+        """
+        with self._uninstalled_registry_lock:
+            recorded = self._read_uninstalled_registry()
+            to_remove = {pid for pid in plugin_ids if pid in recorded}
+            if to_remove:
+                self._write_uninstalled_registry(recorded - to_remove)
+                self.logger.info(
+                    "Cleared uninstall record for %s", ", ".join(sorted(to_remove))
+                )
+
+    def get_uninstalled_plugins(self) -> Set[str]:
+        """Return the persistent set of user-uninstalled plugin IDs."""
+        return self._read_uninstalled_registry()
+
+    def is_plugin_uninstalled(self, plugin_id: str) -> bool:
+        """Return True if ``plugin_id`` is in the persistent uninstall registry."""
+        return plugin_id in self._read_uninstalled_registry()
+
+    def purge_uninstalled_plugins(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Remove on-disk directories for plugins the user has uninstalled.
+
+        Built-in plugins committed into the repo are restored on disk by a
+        core ``git pull``; this re-removes any that the user previously
+        uninstalled. The registry entries are kept so the purge is idempotent
+        across every future update (until the user reinstalls). Returns the
+        list of plugin IDs whose directories were actually removed.
+        """
+        removed: List[str] = []
+        plugins_root = self.plugins_dir.resolve()
+        for plugin_id in sorted(self._read_uninstalled_registry()):
+            plugin_path = self.plugins_dir / plugin_id
+            # Defense in depth: ids are already validated on read, but never
+            # remove anything that isn't a direct child of the plugins root.
+            resolved = plugin_path.resolve()
+            if resolved == plugins_root or resolved.parent != plugins_root:
+                self.logger.error(
+                    "Refusing to purge unsafe plugin path for id %r", plugin_id
+                )
+                continue
+            if not plugin_path.exists():
+                continue
+            self.logger.info(
+                "Purging resurrected uninstalled plugin: %s", plugin_id
+            )
+            if self._safe_remove_directory(plugin_path):
+                removed.append(plugin_id)
+            else:
+                self.logger.error(
+                    "Failed to purge resurrected plugin directory: %s", plugin_path
+                )
+        return removed
+
     def _load_github_token(self) -> Optional[str]:
         """
         Load GitHub API token from config_secrets.json if available.
@@ -1024,6 +1184,10 @@ class PluginStoreManager:
         branch_info = f" (branch: {branch})" if branch else " (latest branch head)"
         self.logger.info(f"Installing plugin: {plugin_id}{branch_info}")
 
+        # Remember the originally-requested id so we can clear its uninstall
+        # record on success even if the manifest renames the directory below.
+        requested_id = plugin_id
+
         plugin_info = self.get_plugin_info(plugin_id, fetch_latest_from_github=True, force_refresh=True)
         if not plugin_info:
             self.logger.error(f"Plugin not found in registry: {plugin_id}")
@@ -1162,6 +1326,9 @@ class PluginStoreManager:
 
             branch_display = branch_used or plugin_info.get('branch') or plugin_info.get('default_branch', 'unknown')
             self.logger.info(f"Successfully installed plugin: {plugin_id} (branch {branch_display})")
+            # User deliberately (re)installed this plugin — clear any persistent
+            # uninstall record so future core updates keep it.
+            self.forget_uninstalled_plugin(requested_id, plugin_id)
             return True
 
         except Exception as e:

src/plugin_system/testing/__init__.py

@@ -7,13 +7,22 @@ Provides base classes and utilities for testing LEDMatrix plugins.
 from .plugin_test_base import PluginTestCase
 from .mocks import MockDisplayManager, MockCacheManager, MockConfigManager, MockPluginManager
 from .visual_display_manager import VisualTestDisplayManager
+from .bounds_display_manager import BoundsCheckingDisplayManager
+from .sizes import (
+    DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES, SUPPORTED_SIZES, resolve_test_sizes, size_label,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     'PluginTestCase',
     'VisualTestDisplayManager',
+    'BoundsCheckingDisplayManager',
     'MockDisplayManager',
     'MockCacheManager',
     'MockConfigManager',
     'MockPluginManager',
+    'DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES',
+    'SUPPORTED_SIZES',
+    'resolve_test_sizes',
+    'size_label',
 ]
 

src/plugin_system/testing/bounds_display_manager.py

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+"""
+Bounds-checking display manager.
+
+A VisualTestDisplayManager that draws onto an oversized canvas (the declared
+panel size plus a right/bottom margin) while still reporting the declared size
+to the plugin. Content that a plugin draws past the right or bottom edge lands
+in the margin instead of being silently clipped by PIL, so the harness can
+detect overflow — the classic symptom of hardcoded coordinates or fonts/icons
+that don't scale down to a smaller panel.
+
+Limitations (documented on purpose):
+- Overflow past the LEFT or TOP edge (negative coordinates) is still clipped by
+  PIL and not detected here. The dominant real-world breakage is content that is
+  too wide/tall for a smaller panel, which this catches.
+- BDF text is clipped to the declared bounds by the parent's bitmap drawer, so
+  BDF overflow is not flagged. Golden-image regression covers those plugins.
+- If a plugin replaces the canvas with its own image (display_manager.image = ...),
+  the margin can't be measured and overflow is reported as undetermined (None).
+"""
+
+from typing import Optional, Tuple
+
+from .sizes import DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES
+from .visual_display_manager import VisualTestDisplayManager, _MatrixProxy
+
+# Smallest extra band kept on the right/bottom so a few pixels of overflow are
+# still visible even on the largest panel in a run.
+_BASE_MARGIN = 16
+# Fallback overflow reference when a caller doesn't pass one: the largest shape
+# in the default sample. We extend every (smaller) canvas out to at least this
+# size so content drawn at a coordinate meant for a bigger build — e.g. x=200 on
+# a 64-wide panel — lands in the padded region and is flagged, instead of being
+# clipped off-canvas and read as a false pass.
+_DEFAULT_EXTENT_WIDTH = max(w for w, _ in DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES)
+_DEFAULT_EXTENT_HEIGHT = max(h for _, h in DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES)
+
+
+class BoundsCheckingDisplayManager(VisualTestDisplayManager):
+    """Detects drawing that overflows the declared panel size."""
+
+    # Kept for backwards compatibility; real padding is computed per-axis below.
+    MARGIN = _BASE_MARGIN
+
+    def __init__(self, width: int = 128, height: int = 32,
+                 overflow_extent: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = None):
+        self._declared_width = int(width)
+        self._declared_height = int(height)
+        # Pad the canvas out to at least `overflow_extent` (the largest panel
+        # this run cares about) plus a base margin, so coordinates meant for a
+        # bigger build are caught — not clipped — when rendering a smaller panel.
+        # Defaults to the largest shape in the sample when no run is known.
+        ext_w, ext_h = overflow_extent or (_DEFAULT_EXTENT_WIDTH, _DEFAULT_EXTENT_HEIGHT)
+        self._canvas_width = max(self._declared_width, int(ext_w)) + _BASE_MARGIN
+        self._canvas_height = max(self._declared_height, int(ext_h)) + _BASE_MARGIN
+        # Parent builds the (oversized) backing canvas + fonts.
+        super().__init__(self._canvas_width, self._canvas_height)
+        # Plugins must see the DECLARED size, not the padded canvas size.
+        self.matrix = _MatrixProxy(self._declared_width, self._declared_height)
+
+    # -- declared dimensions (override parent's image-derived properties) --
+
+    @property
+    def width(self) -> int:
+        return self._declared_width
+
+    @property
+    def height(self) -> int:
+        return self._declared_height
+
+    @property
+    def display_width(self) -> int:
+        return self._declared_width
+
+    @property
+    def display_height(self) -> int:
+        return self._declared_height
+
+    # -- overflow detection --
+
+    def _canvas_is_padded(self) -> bool:
+        return self.image.size == (self._canvas_width, self._canvas_height)
+
+    def check_overflow(self) -> Optional[Tuple[int, int, int, int]]:
+        """Bounding box (in full-canvas coords) of any drawing beyond the
+        declared panel, or None if nothing overflowed / undetermined."""
+        if not self._canvas_is_padded():
+            return None
+
+        exp_w = self._canvas_width
+        exp_h = self._canvas_height
+        boxes = []
+
+        right = self.image.crop((self._declared_width, 0, exp_w, exp_h)).getbbox()
+        if right:
+            boxes.append((right[0] + self._declared_width, right[1],
+                          right[2] + self._declared_width, right[3]))
+
+        bottom = self.image.crop((0, self._declared_height, exp_w, exp_h)).getbbox()
+        if bottom:
+            boxes.append((bottom[0], bottom[1] + self._declared_height,
+                          bottom[2], bottom[3] + self._declared_height))
+
+        if not boxes:
+            return None
+        return (
+            min(b[0] for b in boxes), min(b[1] for b in boxes),
+            max(b[2] for b in boxes), max(b[3] for b in boxes),
+        )
+
+    # -- snapshot/image accessors return the cropped, true-panel image --
+
+    def declared_image(self):
+        """The visible panel: the canvas cropped to the declared size."""
+        if self._canvas_is_padded():
+            return self.image.crop((0, 0, self._declared_width, self._declared_height))
+        return self.image
+
+    def save_snapshot(self, path: str) -> None:
+        self.declared_image().save(path, format='PNG')
+
+    def get_image(self):
+        return self.declared_image()
+
+    def get_image_base64(self) -> str:
+        import base64
+        import io
+        buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        self.declared_image().save(buffer, format='PNG')
+        return base64.b64encode(buffer.getvalue()).decode('utf-8')

src/plugin_system/testing/harness.py

@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+"""
+Plugin safety harness.
+
+Renders a plugin across every declared screen (mode) and every supported matrix
+size, capturing crashes and overflow. Used by scripts/check_plugin.py and the
+pytest matrix test to guarantee a plugin change doesn't break a screen at a size
+the author didn't try.
+
+The render flow mirrors scripts/render_plugin.py (same PluginLoader call), but
+this module adds: multi-size iteration, per-mode rendering, overflow detection
+via BoundsCheckingDisplayManager, and golden-image comparison.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import http.client
+import inspect
+import socket
+import ssl
+import urllib.error
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from PIL import Image, ImageChops
+
+from src.logging_config import get_logger
+from .bounds_display_manager import BoundsCheckingDisplayManager
+from .loading import load_config_defaults, load_manifest
+from .sizes import DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES, safe_mode_filename, size_label
+
+logger = get_logger("[Plugin Harness]")
+
+
+def _tolerated_update_errors() -> Tuple[type, ...]:
+    """Exception types from update() we treat as a tolerated no-connectivity
+    failure (expected in CI / headless dev) rather than a real plugin bug.
+
+    Anything NOT in this set is a genuine regression — a plugin that lets a
+    non-network exception escape update() should fail the harness, not pass
+    green because display() happened to survive.
+    """
+    types: List[type] = [
+        ConnectionError, TimeoutError,        # builtins
+        socket.gaierror, socket.timeout,      # DNS / socket timeouts
+        ssl.SSLError,
+        urllib.error.URLError,
+        http.client.HTTPException,
+    ]
+    try:  # requests is optional; cover its whole error tree when present
+        import requests
+        types.append(requests.exceptions.RequestException)
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover - requests not installed
+        logger.debug("requests not installed; its connectivity errors won't be specifically tolerated")
+    return tuple(types)
+
+
+_TOLERATED_UPDATE_ERRORS = _tolerated_update_errors()
+
+
+@dataclass
+class RenderResult:
+    """Outcome of rendering one (size, mode) of a plugin."""
+    plugin_id: str
+    width: int
+    height: int
+    mode: str
+    image: Optional[Image.Image] = None
+    error: Optional[str] = None          # fatal: load/display crash, or a non-network update() error
+    update_error: Optional[str] = None   # tolerated: connectivity error from update() (no network in CI)
+    overflow: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int, int]] = None  # bbox past the panel
+    # golden comparison (populated only when a golden was provided)
+    golden_checked: bool = False
+    golden_ok: Optional[bool] = None
+    golden_diff_pixels: int = 0
+    golden_max_delta: int = 0
+
+    @property
+    def size_label(self) -> str:
+        return size_label(self.width, self.height)
+
+    @property
+    def ok(self) -> bool:
+        """Phase-1 pass: rendered without crashing and without overflow, and if a
+        golden was checked it matched."""
+        if self.error is not None or self.overflow is not None:
+            return False
+        if self.golden_checked and self.golden_ok is False:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+
+def list_modes(plugin_instance: Any, manifest: Dict[str, Any], plugin_id: str) -> List[str]:
+    """Enumerate a plugin's screens: instance.modes wins, then manifest
+    display_modes, then the plugin id as a single mode."""
+    modes = getattr(plugin_instance, "modes", None)
+    if modes:
+        return [str(m) for m in modes]
+    declared = manifest.get("display_modes")
+    if declared:
+        return [str(m) for m in declared]
+    return [plugin_id]
+
+
+def _instantiate(plugin_id: str, manifest: Dict[str, Any], plugin_dir: Path,
+                 config: Dict[str, Any], mock_data: Dict[str, Any],
+                 display_manager: Any) -> Any:
+    """Load and construct a plugin instance with mocked managers."""
+    from src.plugin_system.plugin_loader import PluginLoader
+    from src.plugin_system.testing import MockCacheManager, MockPluginManager
+
+    cache_manager = MockCacheManager()
+    for key, value in (mock_data or {}).items():
+        cache_manager.set(key, value)
+
+    loader = PluginLoader()
+    plugin_instance, _module = loader.load_plugin(
+        plugin_id=plugin_id,
+        manifest=manifest,
+        plugin_dir=plugin_dir,
+        config=config,
+        display_manager=display_manager,
+        cache_manager=cache_manager,
+        plugin_manager=MockPluginManager(),
+        install_deps=False,
+    )
+    return plugin_instance
+
+
+def _render_mode(plugin_instance: Any, mode: str) -> None:
+    """Render a specific screen. Prefer an explicit display_mode kwarg; otherwise
+    drive the plugin's internal mode state machine (first display() call renders
+    modes[current_mode_index] when current_display_mode is None)."""
+    sig = inspect.signature(plugin_instance.display)
+    if "display_mode" in sig.parameters:
+        plugin_instance.display(force_clear=True, display_mode=mode)
+        return
+
+    modes = getattr(plugin_instance, "modes", None)
+    if modes and mode in modes:
+        plugin_instance.current_mode_index = list(modes).index(mode)
+    if hasattr(plugin_instance, "current_display_mode"):
+        plugin_instance.current_display_mode = None
+    plugin_instance.display(force_clear=False)
+
+
+def _freeze(freeze_time: Optional[str]):
+    """Context manager that freezes wall-clock time when freeze_time is given,
+    so time-dependent plugins (clocks, countdowns) render deterministic goldens."""
+    if not freeze_time:
+        return contextlib.nullcontext()
+    try:
+        from freezegun import freeze_time as _ft
+    except ImportError as e:  # pragma: no cover - only hit without the dep
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "freeze_time requires the 'freezegun' package (pip install freezegun)"
+        ) from e
+    return _ft(freeze_time)
+
+
+def render_plugin_matrix(
+    plugin_id: str,
+    plugin_dir: Path,
+    config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    mock_data: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    sizes: Optional[List[Tuple[int, int]]] = None,
+    run_update: bool = True,
+    freeze_time: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> List[RenderResult]:
+    """Render every (size, mode) combination for a plugin.
+
+    Returns a flat list of RenderResult. A fresh plugin instance is built per
+    (size, mode) so state never leaks between screens. Pass freeze_time (e.g.
+    "2025-08-01 15:25:00") to make time-dependent plugins reproducible.
+    """
+    plugin_dir = Path(plugin_dir)
+    manifest = load_manifest(plugin_dir)
+    # Start from config_schema.json defaults so the plugin behaves like a real
+    # install; explicit caller config still wins over a schema default.
+    config = {"enabled": True, **load_config_defaults(plugin_dir), **(config or {})}
+    sizes = sizes or DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES
+    results: List[RenderResult] = []
+
+    # The largest panel in this run. Every (smaller) canvas is padded out to it
+    # so a coordinate meant for the biggest configuration is still caught when
+    # rendering a smaller one, instead of being clipped into a false pass.
+    extent = (max(w for w, _ in sizes), max(h for _, h in sizes))
+
+    with _freeze(freeze_time):
+        for width, height in sizes:
+            results.extend(_render_size(
+                plugin_id, manifest, plugin_dir, config, mock_data or {},
+                width, height, run_update, extent,
+            ))
+
+    return results
+
+
+def _render_size(plugin_id, manifest, plugin_dir, config, mock_data,
+                 width, height, run_update, extent) -> List[RenderResult]:
+    """Render every mode at one size. A fresh instance per mode avoids state leaks."""
+    results: List[RenderResult] = []
+
+    # Discover modes once per size (instance build can depend on config).
+    try:
+        probe_dm = BoundsCheckingDisplayManager(width=width, height=height, overflow_extent=extent)
+        probe = _instantiate(plugin_id, manifest, plugin_dir, config, mock_data, probe_dm)
+        modes = list_modes(probe, manifest, plugin_id)
+    except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — surface any load failure as a result
+        return [RenderResult(plugin_id, width, height, "<load>", error=repr(e))]
+
+    for mode in modes:
+        result = RenderResult(plugin_id, width, height, mode)
+        dm = BoundsCheckingDisplayManager(width=width, height=height, overflow_extent=extent)
+        try:
+            inst = _instantiate(plugin_id, manifest, plugin_dir, config, mock_data, dm)
+            if run_update:
+                try:
+                    inst.update()
+                except _TOLERATED_UPDATE_ERRORS as e:
+                    # Expected when CI / headless dev has no network: record it
+                    # (surfaced in the report) but don't fail the run.
+                    result.update_error = repr(e)
+                    logger.debug("update() connectivity error for %s [%s]: %s", plugin_id, mode, e)
+                except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — a non-network update() failure is a real bug
+                    # A regression in update() must not pass green just because
+                    # display() survives, so treat it as a failure of this render.
+                    result.error = repr(e)
+                    logger.warning("update() raised a non-connectivity error for %s [%s]: %s",
+                                   plugin_id, mode, e)
+            if result.error is None:
+                _render_mode(inst, mode)
+                result.image = dm.get_image()
+                result.overflow = dm.check_overflow()
+        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — a display crash is a real failure
+            result.error = repr(e)
+        results.append(result)
+
+    return results
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Golden-image comparison
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def compare_images(rendered: Image.Image, golden: Image.Image,
+                   max_delta: int = 0, max_diff_pixels: int = 0) -> Tuple[bool, int, int]:
+    """Compare two images. Returns (ok, diff_pixel_count, max_per_channel_delta).
+
+    Tolerances default to exact match; bump them only to absorb known platform
+    anti-aliasing noise (requires a pinned Pillow + bundled fonts for stability).
+    """
+    if rendered.size != golden.size:
+        return False, rendered.size[0] * rendered.size[1], 255
+    a = rendered.convert("RGB")
+    b = golden.convert("RGB")
+    diff = ImageChops.difference(a, b)
+    bbox = diff.getbbox()
+    if bbox is None:
+        return True, 0, 0
+    # Count pixels whose largest per-channel delta exceeds the allowed tolerance,
+    # and track the worst delta seen (for reporting).
+    diff_pixels = 0
+    observed_max = 0
+    for px in diff.crop(bbox).getdata():
+        m = max(px) if isinstance(px, tuple) else px
+        if m > observed_max:
+            observed_max = m
+        if m > max_delta:
+            diff_pixels += 1
+    # Pass when the number of out-of-tolerance pixels is within budget.
+    ok = diff_pixels <= max_diff_pixels
+    return ok, diff_pixels, observed_max
+
+
+def golden_path(golden_dir: Path, width: int, height: int, mode: str) -> Path:
+    """Location of a golden image: <golden_dir>/<WxH>/<mode>.png.
+
+    The mode is sanitized to a safe basename so a mode name with '/' or '..'
+    can't read or write outside the golden directory.
+    """
+    return Path(golden_dir) / size_label(width, height) / f"{safe_mode_filename(mode)}.png"
+
+
+def compare_to_goldens(results: List[RenderResult], golden_dir: Path,
+                       max_delta: int = 0, max_diff_pixels: int = 0) -> List[RenderResult]:
+    """Compare rendered results against committed goldens, mutating each result's
+    golden_* fields. Results with no golden file on disk are left unchecked."""
+    for r in results:
+        if r.image is None:
+            continue
+        gp = golden_path(golden_dir, r.width, r.height, r.mode)
+        if not gp.exists():
+            continue
+        r.golden_checked = True
+        with Image.open(gp) as g:
+            ok, diff_pixels, observed_max = compare_images(
+                r.image, g, max_delta=max_delta, max_diff_pixels=max_diff_pixels)
+        r.golden_ok = ok
+        r.golden_diff_pixels = diff_pixels
+        r.golden_max_delta = observed_max
+    return results
+
+
+def write_goldens(results: List[RenderResult], golden_dir: Path) -> int:
+    """Write each successfully-rendered result to its golden path. Returns count."""
+    written = 0
+    for r in results:
+        if r.image is None or r.error is not None:
+            continue
+        gp = golden_path(golden_dir, r.width, r.height, r.mode)
+        gp.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        r.image.save(gp, format="PNG")
+        written += 1
+    return written

src/plugin_system/testing/loading.py

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+"""
+Shared helpers for loading a plugin headlessly.
+
+Used by scripts/render_plugin.py, scripts/check_plugin.py, and the harness so
+plugin discovery / manifest / config-default logic lives in exactly one place.
+"""
+
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Sequence, Union
+
+
+def find_plugin_dir(plugin_id: str, search_dirs: Sequence[Union[str, Path]]) -> Optional[Path]:
+    """Find a plugin directory by searching multiple paths."""
+    from src.plugin_system.plugin_loader import PluginLoader
+    loader = PluginLoader()
+    for search_dir in search_dirs:
+        search_path = Path(search_dir)
+        if not search_path.exists():
+            continue
+        result = loader.find_plugin_directory(plugin_id, search_path)
+        if result:
+            return Path(result)
+    return None
+
+
+def load_manifest(plugin_dir: Union[str, Path]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Load and return manifest.json from a plugin directory."""
+    manifest_path = Path(plugin_dir) / 'manifest.json'
+    if not manifest_path.exists():
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f"No manifest.json in {plugin_dir}")
+    with open(manifest_path, 'r') as f:
+        return json.load(f)
+
+
+def load_config_defaults(plugin_dir: Union[str, Path]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Extract default values from a plugin's config_schema.json (empty if none)."""
+    schema_path = Path(plugin_dir) / 'config_schema.json'
+    if not schema_path.exists():
+        return {}
+    with open(schema_path, 'r') as f:
+        schema = json.load(f)
+    defaults: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    for key, prop in schema.get('properties', {}).items():
+        if isinstance(prop, dict) and 'default' in prop:
+            defaults[key] = prop['default']
+    return defaults
+
+
+def load_harness_spec(plugin_dir: Union[str, Path]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Optional per-plugin harness settings from <plugin>/test/harness.json.
+
+    Lets a plugin opt into golden-image testing by declaring how to render it
+    deterministically. All keys optional:
+        {
+          "config":     {...},            # config overrides
+          "mock_data":  "fixtures/mock.json",  # path (relative to plugin dir) to cache fixtures
+          "freeze_time": "2025-08-01 15:25:00",
+          "skip_update": false
+        }
+    Returns {} when no harness.json exists.
+    """
+    spec_path = Path(plugin_dir) / 'test' / 'harness.json'
+    if not spec_path.exists():
+        return {}
+    with open(spec_path, 'r') as f:
+        spec = json.load(f)
+
+    # Resolve mock_data path and inline its contents for convenience.
+    mock_rel = spec.get('mock_data')
+    if mock_rel:
+        mock_path = Path(plugin_dir) / mock_rel
+        if not mock_path.exists():
+            # A declared-but-missing fixture is a harness config error: failing
+            # loudly beats silently rendering the plugin with no mock data.
+            raise FileNotFoundError(
+                f"harness.json references mock_data '{mock_rel}' but "
+                f"{mock_path} does not exist"
+            )
+        with open(mock_path, 'r') as mf:
+            spec['mock_data_contents'] = json.load(mf)
+    return spec

src/plugin_system/testing/mocks.py

@@ -63,11 +63,23 @@ class MockCacheManager:
     """Mock cache manager for testing."""
     
     def __init__(self):
+        import shutil
+        import tempfile
+        import weakref
         self._cache: Dict[str, Any] = {}
         self._cache_timestamps: Dict[str, float] = {}
         self.get_calls = []
         self.set_calls = []
         self.delete_calls = []
+        # Real temp dir for plugins that write/read files under cache_dir.
+        # Registered for cleanup so each mock instance doesn't leak a tmp dir.
+        self.cache_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="ledmatrix-mock-cache-")
+        self._finalizer = weakref.finalize(
+            self, shutil.rmtree, self.cache_dir, ignore_errors=True)
+
+    def cleanup(self) -> None:
+        """Remove the temp cache directory created for this instance."""
+        self._finalizer()
     
     def get(self, key: str, max_age: Optional[float] = None) -> Optional[Any]:
         """Get a value from cache."""

src/plugin_system/testing/sizes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+"""
+LED matrix sizes the plugin safety harness renders against.
+
+There is no fixed set of "supported" panel sizes — an RGB matrix build can be
+any width/height and configuration (square, rectangle, 2x2, 4x4, 8x2, long
+strips, tall stacks, ...). Plugins are expected to read width/height
+dynamically and lay themselves out accordingly, so the harness's job is to
+prove a plugin survives a *spread* of shapes, not a canonical list.
+
+`DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES` is therefore a representative SAMPLE chosen to span the
+axes of variation (narrow, wide, square, tall, small, long), not an
+exhaustive or authoritative list. Callers can override it entirely:
+
+  - CLI:        scripts/check_plugin.py --sizes 8x16,64x64,256x32
+  - pytest:     LEDMATRIX_TEST_SIZES="8x16,64x64" env var (all plugins), or
+                per-plugin test/harness.json {"sizes": [[8, 16], [64, 64]]}
+
+so anyone can point the harness at the exact panel(s) their build uses.
+"""
+
+import os
+from typing import Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+
+# A spread of real panel-grid arrangements (each module is 64x32), not a list of
+# "blessed" sizes. Each entry exercises a different layout assumption a plugin
+# might accidentally bake in. Annotations are the panel grid (cols x rows).
+DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES: List[Tuple[int, int]] = [
+    (64, 32),    # 1x1 — single panel, the tightest common rectangle
+    (128, 32),   # 2x1 — the baseline most plugins are tuned for
+    (64, 64),    # 1x2 — stacked, exercises tall-narrow centering
+    (128, 64),   # 2x2 — block, icon scaling / vertical centering
+    (256, 32),   # 4x1 — long strip, wide horizontal layout
+    (128, 96),   # 2x3 — tall, exercises vertical overflow
+    (256, 128),  # 4x4 — large block, both dimensions big at once
+]
+
+# Backwards-compatible alias. Prefer DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES in new code — the old
+# name implied these were the only valid panel sizes, which they are not.
+SUPPORTED_SIZES = DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES
+
+
+def size_label(width: int, height: int) -> str:
+    """Human/path-friendly label for a size, e.g. '128x32'."""
+    return f"{width}x{height}"
+
+
+def parse_size_token(token: str) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    """Parse a single 'WxH' token into an (int, int) pair.
+
+    Raises ValueError (with a user-friendly message) on malformed input so
+    callers can surface it however they like.
+    """
+    cleaned = token.strip().lower()
+    if "x" not in cleaned:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid size '{token}' (expected WxH, e.g. 128x32)")
+    w, h = cleaned.split("x", 1)
+    try:
+        width, height = int(w), int(h)
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Invalid size '{token}' (expected numeric WxH, e.g. 128x32)"
+        ) from exc
+    if width <= 0 or height <= 0:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Invalid size '{token}' (width and height must be positive, e.g. 128x32)"
+        )
+    return (width, height)
+
+
+def coerce_sizes(
+    value: Union[str, Iterable[Sequence[int]], None]
+) -> Optional[List[Tuple[int, int]]]:
+    """Normalize a size spec into a list of (w, h) tuples, or None if empty.
+
+    Accepts a comma-separated 'WxH,WxH' string (CLI / env var) or an iterable
+    of [w, h] / (w, h) pairs (harness.json). Returns None when value is falsy
+    so callers can fall back to the default sample.
+    """
+    if not value:
+        return None
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        return [parse_size_token(tok) for tok in value.split(",") if tok.strip()]
+    sizes: List[Tuple[int, int]] = []
+    for pair in value:
+        w, h = pair  # raises if not a 2-element sequence
+        width, height = int(w), int(h)
+        if width <= 0 or height <= 0:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid size pair {pair!r} (width and height must be positive)")
+        sizes.append((width, height))
+    return sizes or None
+
+
+def resolve_test_sizes(
+    spec_sizes: Union[str, Iterable[Sequence[int]], None] = None,
+) -> List[Tuple[int, int]]:
+    """Decide which sizes to render, by precedence:
+
+    1. LEDMATRIX_TEST_SIZES env var — a global "test on my hardware" override
+       that wins for every plugin.
+    2. spec_sizes — e.g. a per-plugin harness.json "sizes" list.
+    3. DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES — the representative sample.
+    """
+    env = coerce_sizes(os.environ.get("LEDMATRIX_TEST_SIZES"))
+    if env:
+        return env
+    spec = coerce_sizes(spec_sizes)
+    if spec:
+        return spec
+    return list(DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES)
+
+
+def safe_mode_filename(mode: str) -> str:
+    """A filesystem-safe basename for a plugin mode.
+
+    Mode names come from plugin metadata/render state, so a value containing
+    '/' or '..' could otherwise escape the intended output directory. Collapse
+    anything that isn't alphanumeric / dash / underscore to '_'.
+    """
+    cleaned = "".join(ch if ch.isalnum() or ch in ("-", "_") else "_" for ch in mode)
+    return cleaned or "mode"

test/plugins/test_basketball_scoreboard.py

@@ -49,9 +49,10 @@ class TestBasketballScoreboardPlugin(PluginTestBase):
         """Test that plugin has display modes."""
         manifest = self.load_plugin_manifest(plugin_id)
         assert 'display_modes' in manifest
-        assert 'basketball_live' in manifest['display_modes']
-        assert 'basketball_recent' in manifest['display_modes']
-        assert 'basketball_upcoming' in manifest['display_modes']
+        # Manifest uses league-prefixed modes (nba_, wnba_, ncaam_, ncaaw_)
+        assert 'nba_live' in manifest['display_modes']
+        assert 'nba_recent' in manifest['display_modes']
+        assert 'nba_upcoming' in manifest['display_modes']
     
     def test_plugin_has_get_display_modes(self, plugin_id):
         """Test that plugin can return display modes."""

test/plugins/test_harness.py

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+"""
+Unit tests for the plugin safety harness primitives:
+bounds detection, image comparison, and mode enumeration.
+
+These don't load real plugins, so they run anywhere (including core CI where
+plugin-repos is empty).
+"""
+
+import importlib.util
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+from PIL import Image
+
+from src.plugin_system.testing.bounds_display_manager import BoundsCheckingDisplayManager
+from src.plugin_system.testing.harness import (
+    _TOLERATED_UPDATE_ERRORS, compare_images, list_modes,
+)
+from src.plugin_system.testing.sizes import (
+    DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES, coerce_sizes, parse_size_token, resolve_test_sizes,
+)
+
+
+class TestBoundsDetection:
+    def test_reports_declared_size_not_canvas_size(self):
+        dm = BoundsCheckingDisplayManager(width=64, height=32)
+        assert dm.width == 64 and dm.height == 32
+        assert dm.matrix.width == 64 and dm.matrix.height == 32
+        # Backing canvas is padded out past the declared panel so far-overshoot
+        # coordinates land on-canvas and get flagged instead of clipped.
+        canvas_w, canvas_h = dm.image.size
+        assert canvas_w > 64 and canvas_h > 32
+
+    def test_far_overshoot_on_small_panel_is_detected(self):
+        # A coordinate meant for a wide build (x past 64) must still be caught
+        # when the declared panel is only 64 wide.
+        dm = BoundsCheckingDisplayManager(width=64, height=32)
+        dm.draw.rectangle([200, 5, 210, 10], fill=(255, 0, 0))
+        bbox = dm.check_overflow()
+        assert bbox is not None
+        assert bbox[0] >= 64
+
+    def test_in_bounds_drawing_has_no_overflow(self):
+        dm = BoundsCheckingDisplayManager(width=64, height=32)
+        dm.draw.rectangle([0, 0, 63, 31], fill=(255, 255, 255))
+        assert dm.check_overflow() is None
+
+    def test_right_overflow_is_detected(self):
+        dm = BoundsCheckingDisplayManager(width=64, height=32)
+        # Draw a few pixels past the right edge.
+        dm.draw.rectangle([60, 5, 70, 10], fill=(255, 0, 0))
+        bbox = dm.check_overflow()
+        assert bbox is not None
+        assert bbox[0] >= 64  # overflow starts at or past the declared width
+
+    def test_bottom_overflow_is_detected(self):
+        dm = BoundsCheckingDisplayManager(width=64, height=32)
+        dm.draw.rectangle([5, 30, 10, 40], fill=(0, 255, 0))
+        bbox = dm.check_overflow()
+        assert bbox is not None
+        assert bbox[3] > 32  # overflow extends past the declared height
+
+    def test_declared_image_is_cropped_to_panel(self):
+        dm = BoundsCheckingDisplayManager(width=64, height=32)
+        assert dm.get_image().size == (64, 32)
+
+    def test_snapshot_saves_cropped_panel(self, tmp_path):
+        dm = BoundsCheckingDisplayManager(width=128, height=32)
+        out = tmp_path / "snap.png"
+        dm.save_snapshot(str(out))
+        with Image.open(out) as img:
+            assert img.size == (128, 32)
+
+
+class TestArbitraryPanelSizes:
+    """The harness must handle any panel shape, not a fixed supported list."""
+
+    def test_overflow_extent_pads_to_largest_in_run(self):
+        # A wide run (extent 256) means content at x=200 on a 64-wide panel is
+        # caught; the same draw with a small extent would be clipped (false pass).
+        wide = BoundsCheckingDisplayManager(width=64, height=32, overflow_extent=(256, 32))
+        wide.draw.rectangle([200, 5, 210, 10], fill=(255, 0, 0))
+        assert wide.check_overflow() is not None
+
+        tight = BoundsCheckingDisplayManager(width=64, height=32, overflow_extent=(64, 32))
+        tight.draw.rectangle([200, 5, 210, 10], fill=(255, 0, 0))
+        assert tight.check_overflow() is None  # clipped beyond the small canvas
+
+    def test_unusual_shapes_report_their_declared_size(self):
+        for w, h in [(8, 2), (6, 6), (200, 8), (64, 96)]:
+            dm = BoundsCheckingDisplayManager(width=w, height=h)
+            assert dm.width == w and dm.height == h
+            assert dm.matrix.width == w and dm.matrix.height == h
+
+
+class TestUpdateErrorClassification:
+    """update() may fail for lack of network (tolerated) but a logic bug must
+    not pass green just because display() survives."""
+
+    def test_connectivity_errors_are_tolerated(self):
+        import socket
+        import urllib.error
+        for exc in (ConnectionError("x"), TimeoutError("x"), socket.gaierror("x"),
+                    urllib.error.URLError("x")):
+            assert isinstance(exc, _TOLERATED_UPDATE_ERRORS)
+
+    def test_logic_errors_are_not_tolerated(self):
+        for exc in (ValueError("x"), KeyError("x"), AttributeError("x"), TypeError("x")):
+            assert not isinstance(exc, _TOLERATED_UPDATE_ERRORS)
+
+
+class TestSizeParsing:
+    def test_parse_size_token_ok(self):
+        assert parse_size_token(" 128X32 ") == (128, 32)
+
+    def test_parse_size_token_rejects_garbage(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            parse_size_token("128xabc")
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            parse_size_token("128-32")
+
+    def test_rejects_non_positive_dimensions(self):
+        for bad in ("0x32", "-64x32", "64x0", "64x-1"):
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                parse_size_token(bad)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            coerce_sizes([[0, 32]])
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            coerce_sizes("64x-1")
+
+    def test_coerce_sizes_from_string_and_pairs(self):
+        assert coerce_sizes("8x16,64x64") == [(8, 16), (64, 64)]
+        assert coerce_sizes([[8, 16], (64, 64)]) == [(8, 16), (64, 64)]
+        assert coerce_sizes(None) is None
+        assert coerce_sizes("") is None
+
+    def test_resolve_precedence_env_then_spec_then_default(self, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.delenv("LEDMATRIX_TEST_SIZES", raising=False)
+        assert resolve_test_sizes(None) == list(DEFAULT_TEST_SIZES)
+        assert resolve_test_sizes([[8, 16]]) == [(8, 16)]
+        monkeypatch.setenv("LEDMATRIX_TEST_SIZES", "5x5")
+        # env wins over a per-plugin spec
+        assert resolve_test_sizes([[8, 16]]) == [(5, 5)]
+
+
+class TestCompareImages:
+    def test_identical_images_match(self):
+        a = Image.new("RGB", (16, 16), (10, 20, 30))
+        b = a.copy()
+        ok, diff_pixels, max_delta = compare_images(a, b)
+        assert ok and diff_pixels == 0 and max_delta == 0
+
+    def test_different_images_fail_at_zero_tolerance(self):
+        a = Image.new("RGB", (16, 16), (0, 0, 0))
+        b = a.copy()
+        b.putpixel((1, 1), (255, 255, 255))
+        ok, diff_pixels, max_delta = compare_images(a, b)
+        assert not ok and diff_pixels == 1 and max_delta == 255
+
+    def test_tolerance_absorbs_small_noise(self):
+        a = Image.new("RGB", (16, 16), (100, 100, 100))
+        b = a.copy()
+        b.putpixel((2, 2), (103, 100, 100))  # delta 3
+        ok, _, max_delta = compare_images(a, b, max_delta=5, max_diff_pixels=0)
+        assert ok and max_delta == 3
+
+    def test_size_mismatch_fails(self):
+        a = Image.new("RGB", (16, 16))
+        b = Image.new("RGB", (32, 16))
+        ok, _, _ = compare_images(a, b)
+        assert not ok
+
+
+class TestListModes:
+    def test_instance_modes_take_precedence(self):
+        inst = type("P", (), {"modes": ["a", "b"]})()
+        assert list_modes(inst, {"display_modes": ["x"]}, "pid") == ["a", "b"]
+
+    def test_falls_back_to_manifest_display_modes(self):
+        inst = type("P", (), {})()
+        assert list_modes(inst, {"display_modes": ["x", "y"]}, "pid") == ["x", "y"]
+
+    def test_falls_back_to_plugin_id(self):
+        inst = type("P", (), {})()
+        assert list_modes(inst, {}, "pid") == ["pid"]
+
+
+def _load_check_plugin_cli():
+    """Load scripts/check_plugin.py by path (it isn't an importable package)."""
+    root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+    path = root / "scripts" / "check_plugin.py"
+    spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("check_plugin_cli", path)
+    mod = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+    spec.loader.exec_module(mod)
+    return mod
+
+
+def _make_fixture_plugin(tmp_path, harness):
+    """Create a minimal plugin dir with a test/harness.json; return its parent
+    (the search dir)."""
+    pdir = tmp_path / "plugins" / "demo-clock"
+    (pdir / "test").mkdir(parents=True)
+    (pdir / "manifest.json").write_text(json.dumps({
+        "id": "demo-clock", "name": "Demo Clock", "version": "1.0.0",
+        "author": "test", "entry_point": "manager.py", "class_name": "DemoClock",
+        "display_modes": ["demo-clock"], "compatible_versions": ["*"],
+    }))
+    (pdir / "test" / "harness.json").write_text(json.dumps(harness))
+    return pdir.parent
+
+
+class TestCheckPluginHonorsHarnessJson:
+    """Regression: check_plugin.py (the CI tool) must apply test/harness.json so
+    its render reproduces the committed goldens — otherwise time/data-dependent
+    plugins drift on every CI run."""
+
+    def test_harness_json_supplies_render_settings(self, tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+        mod = _load_check_plugin_cli()
+        search = _make_fixture_plugin(tmp_path, {
+            "config": {"timezone": "UTC"},
+            "freeze_time": "2025-08-01 15:25:00",
+            "sizes": [[128, 32]],
+        })
+        captured = {}
+        monkeypatch.setattr(mod, "render_plugin_matrix",
+                            lambda **kw: captured.update(kw) or [])
+        monkeypatch.setattr(mod, "compare_to_goldens", lambda *a, **k: [])
+        mod.check_one(
+            plugin_id="demo-clock", search_dirs=[str(search)], sizes=None,
+            mock_data={}, config={}, run_update=True, out_dir=None,
+            update_golden=False, golden_dir_override=None, freeze_time=None,
+        )
+        assert captured["freeze_time"] == "2025-08-01 15:25:00"
+        assert captured["config"]["timezone"] == "UTC"
+        assert captured["sizes"] == [(128, 32)]
+
+    def test_cli_flags_override_harness_json(self, tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+        mod = _load_check_plugin_cli()
+        search = _make_fixture_plugin(tmp_path, {
+            "config": {"timezone": "UTC"},
+            "freeze_time": "2025-08-01 15:25:00",
+        })
+        captured = {}
+        monkeypatch.setattr(mod, "render_plugin_matrix",
+                            lambda **kw: captured.update(kw) or [])
+        monkeypatch.setattr(mod, "compare_to_goldens", lambda *a, **k: [])
+        mod.check_one(
+            plugin_id="demo-clock", search_dirs=[str(search)], sizes=None,
+            mock_data={}, config={"timezone": "America/New_York"},
+            run_update=True, out_dir=None, update_golden=False,
+            golden_dir_override=None, freeze_time="2030-01-01 00:00:00",
+        )
+        assert captured["freeze_time"] == "2030-01-01 00:00:00"
+        assert captured["config"]["timezone"] == "America/New_York"

test/plugins/test_plugin_matrix.py

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+"""
+Cross-size / cross-screen plugin safety test.
+
+For every discovered plugin, render every declared screen at every supported
+matrix size and assert it: loads, renders without crashing, stays within the
+panel bounds, and — for plugins that ship golden images — matches them.
+
+Plugin discovery (first match wins):
+  - $LEDMATRIX_PLUGINS_DIR  (os.pathsep-separated list of dirs), else
+  - <project_root>/plugin-repos and <project_root>/plugins
+
+A plugin opts into golden-image checks by adding test/golden/<WxH>/<mode>.png
+(and usually test/harness.json for deterministic config / mock data / time).
+"""
+
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, List
+
+import pytest
+
+from src.plugin_system.testing.harness import (
+    render_plugin_matrix, compare_to_goldens,
+)
+from src.plugin_system.testing.loading import load_config_defaults, load_harness_spec
+from src.plugin_system.testing.sizes import resolve_test_sizes
+
+PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+
+# Set LEDMATRIX_REQUIRE_PLUGINS=1 in any CI/hardware pipeline where plugins are
+# expected to be present, so a discovery drift (empty search path) fails loudly
+# instead of silently skipping and losing this safety signal.
+_REQUIRE_PLUGINS = os.environ.get("LEDMATRIX_REQUIRE_PLUGINS") == "1"
+
+
+def _plugin_search_dirs() -> List[Path]:
+    env = os.environ.get("LEDMATRIX_PLUGINS_DIR")
+    if env:
+        return [Path(p) for p in env.split(os.pathsep) if p]
+    return [PROJECT_ROOT / "plugin-repos", PROJECT_ROOT / "plugins"]
+
+
+def _discover() -> Dict[str, Path]:
+    """Map plugin_id -> plugin_dir for all plugins on the search path."""
+    found: Dict[str, Path] = {}
+    for base in _plugin_search_dirs():
+        if not base.exists():
+            continue
+        for child in sorted(base.iterdir()):
+            if (child / "manifest.json").exists() and child.name not in found:
+                found[child.name] = child
+    return found
+
+
+_PLUGINS = _discover()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.plugin
+def test_plugins_were_discovered() -> None:
+    """Guard against silently skipping the whole matrix when discovery drifts.
+
+    Local dev and the plugin-less core CI legitimately have no plugins, so we
+    skip there; but when LEDMATRIX_REQUIRE_PLUGINS=1 an empty search path is a
+    hard failure rather than a green no-op.
+    """
+    if _PLUGINS:
+        return
+    search = [str(p) for p in _plugin_search_dirs()]
+    if _REQUIRE_PLUGINS:
+        pytest.fail(
+            "LEDMATRIX_REQUIRE_PLUGINS=1 but no plugins were discovered on the "
+            f"search path: {search}"
+        )
+    pytest.skip(f"no plugins found on the search path: {search}")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.plugin
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not _PLUGINS, reason="no plugins found on the search path")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("plugin_id", sorted(_PLUGINS))
+def test_plugin_renders_across_sizes_and_screens(plugin_id: str) -> None:
+    plugin_dir = _PLUGINS[plugin_id]
+    spec = load_harness_spec(plugin_dir)
+
+    config = {"enabled": True}
+    config.update(load_config_defaults(plugin_dir))
+    config.update(spec.get("config", {}))
+
+    # Sizes: LEDMATRIX_TEST_SIZES env (test on real hardware) wins, then the
+    # plugin's own harness.json "sizes", else the default representative sample.
+    sizes = resolve_test_sizes(spec.get("sizes"))
+
+    results = render_plugin_matrix(
+        plugin_id=plugin_id,
+        plugin_dir=plugin_dir,
+        config=config,
+        mock_data=spec.get("mock_data_contents", {}),
+        sizes=sizes,
+        run_update=not spec.get("skip_update", False),
+        freeze_time=spec.get("freeze_time"),
+    )
+    compare_to_goldens(results, plugin_dir / "test" / "golden")
+
+    failures = []
+    for r in results:
+        if r.error is not None:
+            failures.append(f"{r.size_label} {r.mode}: crashed: {r.error}")
+        elif r.overflow is not None:
+            failures.append(f"{r.size_label} {r.mode}: overflow past panel bbox={r.overflow}")
+        elif r.golden_checked and r.golden_ok is False:
+            failures.append(
+                f"{r.size_label} {r.mode}: golden drift {r.golden_diff_pixels}px "
+                f"(max Δ={r.golden_max_delta})"
+            )
+
+    assert not failures, f"{plugin_id} failed:\n  " + "\n  ".join(failures)

test/test_display_controller.py

@@ -167,6 +167,151 @@ class TestDisplayControllerLivePriority:
         assert controller.current_display_mode == "test_plugin_live"
         assert controller.force_change is True
 
+    def test_live_priority_resume_continues_rotation(self, test_display_controller):
+        """Regression: when live priority ends, rotation resumes where it was
+        interrupted, not after the live plugin's mode.
+
+        Without the fix, _apply_live_priority left current_mode_index pointing at
+        the live plugin's slot, so the next rotation step skipped every mode
+        between the interrupted position and the live plugin (e.g. elections,
+        which sits just before a flights plugin in the order)."""
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        controller.available_modes = [
+            "weather", "forecast", "almanac", "election_ticker", "flight_live"
+        ]
+        # Rotation is about to show the 3rd mode (index 2).
+        controller.current_mode_index = 2
+        controller.current_display_mode = "almanac"
+        controller._live_resume_index = None
+
+        # Live priority (e.g. planes overhead) preempts -> flight_live (index 4).
+        controller._apply_live_priority("flight_live")
+        assert controller.current_display_mode == "flight_live"
+        assert controller.current_mode_index == 4
+        assert controller._live_resume_index == 2  # saved rotation position
+
+        # Re-checks while the hold continues must not move the saved position.
+        controller._apply_live_priority("flight_live")
+        assert controller._live_resume_index == 2
+
+        # Live priority ends -> resume at the saved index (almanac), so the next
+        # rotation step lands on election_ticker (index 3) rather than skipping it.
+        controller._apply_live_priority(None)
+        assert controller.current_mode_index == 2
+        assert controller.current_display_mode == "almanac"
+        assert controller._live_resume_index is None
+
+    def test_live_priority_no_resume_when_idle(self, test_display_controller):
+        """No saved position + no live content is a no-op (normal rotation)."""
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        controller.available_modes = ["a", "b", "c"]
+        controller.current_mode_index = 1
+        controller.current_display_mode = "b"
+        controller._live_resume_index = None
+
+        controller._apply_live_priority(None)
+
+        assert controller.current_mode_index == 1
+        assert controller.current_display_mode == "b"
+
+    # --- Round-robin between multiple simultaneous live games --------------
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _live_plugin(live_modes):
+        """A mock plugin that is live and reports the given live mode names."""
+        p = MagicMock()
+        p.has_live_priority = MagicMock(return_value=True)
+        p.has_live_content = MagicMock(return_value=True)
+        p.get_live_modes = MagicMock(return_value=list(live_modes))
+        return p
+
+    def test_collect_live_modes_dedupes_multi_mode_plugin(self, test_display_controller):
+        """A sports plugin registered under several mode keys (one per league)
+        contributes each live mode once, in registration order; plugins with no
+        live content are skipped."""
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        baseball = self._live_plugin(["baseball_live"])
+        soccer = self._live_plugin(["soccer_fifa.world_live"])
+        idle = MagicMock()
+        idle.has_live_priority = MagicMock(return_value=True)
+        idle.has_live_content = MagicMock(return_value=False)
+        controller.plugin_modes = {
+            "baseball_live": baseball,
+            "baseball_recent": baseball,
+            "soccer_fifa.world_live": soccer,
+            "soccer_usa.1_live": soccer,
+            "soccer_recent": soccer,
+            "clock": idle,
+        }
+        assert controller._collect_live_modes() == [
+            "baseball_live", "soccer_fifa.world_live"
+        ]
+
+    def test_round_robin_alternates_between_simultaneous_live_games(self, test_display_controller):
+        """Regression: with two games live at once, the live-priority pick
+        round-robins each dwell instead of pinning to the first plugin in
+        registration order (the bug where a baseball game hid a live World Cup
+        match)."""
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        baseball = self._live_plugin(["baseball_live"])
+        soccer = self._live_plugin(["soccer_fifa.world_live"])
+        controller.plugin_modes = {
+            "baseball_live": baseball,
+            "soccer_fifa.world_live": soccer,
+        }
+        # First entry into live priority from an ambient mode -> first live game.
+        controller.current_display_mode = "clock"
+        assert controller._check_live_priority(advance=True) == "baseball_live"
+        # The controller switches to it; the next dwell advances to the other.
+        controller.current_display_mode = "baseball_live"
+        assert controller._check_live_priority(advance=True) == "soccer_fifa.world_live"
+        # And wraps back again.
+        controller.current_display_mode = "soccer_fifa.world_live"
+        assert controller._check_live_priority(advance=True) == "baseball_live"
+
+    def test_single_live_game_holds_without_flipping(self, test_display_controller):
+        """One live game: advancing returns the same mode, so the hold is stable."""
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        controller.plugin_modes = {"baseball_live": self._live_plugin(["baseball_live"])}
+        controller.current_display_mode = "baseball_live"
+        assert controller._check_live_priority(advance=True) == "baseball_live"
+
+    def test_non_advancing_peek_does_not_rotate(self, test_display_controller):
+        """The default (advance=False) peek used by the Vegas coordinator must
+        not spin the cursor: it returns the live mode already on screen."""
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        controller.plugin_modes = {
+            "baseball_live": self._live_plugin(["baseball_live"]),
+            "soccer_fifa.world_live": self._live_plugin(["soccer_fifa.world_live"]),
+        }
+        controller.current_display_mode = "soccer_fifa.world_live"
+        assert controller._check_live_priority() == "soccer_fifa.world_live"
+        assert controller._check_live_priority() == "soccer_fifa.world_live"
+        # From an ambient mode the peek reports the first live game (truthy).
+        controller.current_display_mode = "clock"
+        assert controller._check_live_priority() == "baseball_live"
+
+    def test_no_live_content_returns_none(self, test_display_controller):
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        idle = MagicMock()
+        idle.has_live_priority = MagicMock(return_value=True)
+        idle.has_live_content = MagicMock(return_value=False)
+        controller.plugin_modes = {"clock": idle}
+        controller.current_display_mode = "clock"
+        assert controller._check_live_priority(advance=True) is None
+
+    def test_fallback_to_mode_name_when_get_live_modes_unhelpful(self, test_display_controller):
+        """A live plugin whose get_live_modes returns nothing registered falls
+        back to its own '_live' mode name (legacy behavior preserved)."""
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        legacy = MagicMock()
+        legacy.has_live_priority = MagicMock(return_value=True)
+        legacy.has_live_content = MagicMock(return_value=True)
+        legacy.get_live_modes = MagicMock(return_value=["unregistered_mode"])
+        controller.plugin_modes = {"hockey_live": legacy}
+        controller.current_display_mode = "clock"
+        assert controller._check_live_priority(advance=True) == "hockey_live"
+
 
 class TestDisplayControllerDynamicDuration:
     """Test dynamic duration handling."""
@@ -229,18 +374,20 @@ class TestDisplayControllerSchedule:
     def test_inactive_hours(self, test_display_controller):
         """Test inactive hours check."""
         controller = test_display_controller
+        # Inject schedule directly into self.config (what _check_schedule actually reads)
+        # and reset the minute gate so the cached result from any prior call is cleared.
+        controller.config['schedule'] = {
+            "enabled": True,
+            "start_time": "09:00",
+            "end_time": "17:00",
+        }
+        controller._schedule_checked_minute = None
+        controller._tz = None
+
         with patch('src.display_controller.datetime') as mock_datetime:
             mock_datetime.now.return_value.strftime.return_value.lower.return_value = "monday"
             mock_datetime.now.return_value.time.return_value = datetime.strptime("20:00", "%H:%M").time()
             mock_datetime.strptime = datetime.strptime
 
-            schedule_config = {
-                "schedule": {
-                    "enabled": True,
-                    "start_time": "09:00",
-                    "end_time": "17:00"
-                }
-            }
-            with patch.object(controller.config_service, 'get_config', return_value=schedule_config):
-                controller._check_schedule()
-                assert controller.is_display_active is False
+            controller._check_schedule()
+            assert controller.is_display_active is False

test/test_display_controller_optimizations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+"""
+Tests for the three display_controller.py optimizations:
+
+  Opt #1 — inspect.signature() caching per plugin_id
+  Opt #2 — pre-cached config values (_normal_brightness, _scroll_speed)
+  Opt #3 — schedule minute-gate (_check_schedule, _check_dim_schedule)
+"""
+
+import pytest
+import time
+from datetime import datetime
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch, call
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Shared fixture
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def controller(test_display_controller):
+    """Return a ready DisplayController from the existing suite fixture."""
+    return test_display_controller
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Opt #1 — signature cache
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestSignatureCache:
+    """inspect.signature() should be called at most once per plugin_id."""
+
+    class _PluginWithMode:
+        """Real class whose display() accepts display_mode — inspectable by signature."""
+        plugin_id = "mode_plugin"
+        def display(self, display_mode=None, force_clear=False):
+            return True
+
+    class _PluginNoMode:
+        """Real class whose display() does NOT accept display_mode."""
+        plugin_id = "no_mode_plugin"
+        def display(self, force_clear=False):
+            return True
+
+    def test_cache_starts_empty(self, controller):
+        assert controller._plugin_accepts_display_mode == {}
+
+    def test_signature_computed_and_cached(self, controller):
+        """After the first cache population, the dict holds a bool and stays unchanged
+        if queried again without explicitly deleting the key."""
+        import inspect as _inspect
+        plugin = self._PluginNoMode()
+        key = "sig_test"
+        if key not in controller._plugin_accepts_display_mode:
+            controller._plugin_accepts_display_mode[key] = (
+                "display_mode" in _inspect.signature(plugin.display).parameters
+            )
+        original = controller._plugin_accepts_display_mode[key]
+
+        # Accessing cache again should not change the value
+        second = controller._plugin_accepts_display_mode[key]
+        assert second == original
+
+    def test_cache_stores_false_for_no_display_mode(self, controller):
+        """Plugin whose display() doesn't accept display_mode → cached False."""
+        import inspect as _inspect
+        plugin = self._PluginNoMode()
+        controller._plugin_accepts_display_mode["no_mode_plugin"] = (
+            "display_mode" in _inspect.signature(plugin.display).parameters
+        )
+        assert controller._plugin_accepts_display_mode["no_mode_plugin"] is False
+
+    def test_cache_stores_true_for_display_mode(self, controller):
+        """Plugin whose display() accepts display_mode → cached True."""
+        import inspect as _inspect
+        plugin = self._PluginWithMode()
+        controller._plugin_accepts_display_mode["mode_plugin"] = (
+            "display_mode" in _inspect.signature(plugin.display).parameters
+        )
+        assert controller._plugin_accepts_display_mode["mode_plugin"] is True
+
+    def test_cache_cleared_on_plugin_reload(self, controller):
+        """Populating plugin_modes for an id that's already cached must clear the entry."""
+        plugin = MagicMock()
+        controller._plugin_accepts_display_mode["reload_plugin"] = False
+
+        # Simulate the plugin_modes population code path (as in __init__)
+        plugin_id = "reload_plugin"
+        controller.plugin_modes["reload_plugin"] = plugin
+        if hasattr(controller, "_plugin_accepts_display_mode"):
+            controller._plugin_accepts_display_mode.pop(plugin_id, None)
+
+        assert "reload_plugin" not in controller._plugin_accepts_display_mode
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Opt #2 — cached config values
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestCachedConfigValues:
+    """_normal_brightness and _scroll_speed are populated from config at init."""
+
+    def test_normal_brightness_cached(self, controller):
+        """_normal_brightness must equal what the config says."""
+        expected = (
+            controller.config
+            .get("display", {})
+            .get("hardware", {})
+            .get("brightness", 90)
+        )
+        assert controller._normal_brightness == expected
+
+    def test_scroll_speed_cached(self, controller):
+        """_scroll_speed must equal what the config says."""
+        expected = (
+            controller.config
+            .get("display", {})
+            .get("vegas_scroll", {})
+            .get("scroll_speed", 75)
+        )
+        assert controller._scroll_speed == expected
+
+    def test_current_brightness_uses_cached_value(self, controller):
+        """current_brightness is initialised from _normal_brightness."""
+        assert controller.current_brightness == controller._normal_brightness
+
+    def test_cached_target_brightness_init(self, controller):
+        """_cached_target_brightness starts equal to _normal_brightness."""
+        assert controller._cached_target_brightness == controller._normal_brightness
+
+    def test_normal_brightness_default_is_90(self, controller):
+        """If config has no brightness key the default is 90."""
+        controller.config = {}
+        controller._normal_brightness = (
+            controller.config.get("display", {})
+            .get("hardware", {})
+            .get("brightness", 90)
+        )
+        assert controller._normal_brightness == 90
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Opt #3 — schedule minute-gate
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestScheduleMinuteGate:
+    """_check_schedule and _check_dim_schedule skip re-evaluation within the same minute."""
+
+    # ── _check_schedule ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    def test_schedule_checked_minute_starts_none(self, controller):
+        assert controller._schedule_checked_minute is None
+
+    def test_first_call_sets_checked_minute(self, controller):
+        """After the first real evaluation the minute key is stored."""
+        controller.config["schedule"] = {
+            "enabled": True,
+            "start_time": "00:00",
+            "end_time": "23:59",
+        }
+        controller._schedule_checked_minute = None
+        controller._tz = None
+
+        controller._check_schedule()
+        assert controller._schedule_checked_minute is not None
+
+    def test_second_call_same_minute_does_not_re_evaluate(self, controller):
+        """A second call with the same (hour, minute) returns without changing state."""
+        controller.config["schedule"] = {
+            "enabled": True,
+            "start_time": "00:00",
+            "end_time": "23:59",
+        }
+        controller._tz = None
+        controller._schedule_checked_minute = None
+
+        # First call — evaluates and marks as active (whole-day window)
+        controller._check_schedule()
+        assert controller.is_display_active is True
+        first_minute_key = controller._schedule_checked_minute
+
+        # Force is_display_active to False so we can tell if it gets re-evaluated
+        controller.is_display_active = False
+
+        # Second call within the same minute — gate fires, is_display_active unchanged
+        controller._schedule_checked_minute = first_minute_key  # same minute
+        controller._check_schedule()
+        assert controller.is_display_active is False, (
+            "Second call in same minute should return immediately without re-evaluation"
+        )
+
+    def test_new_minute_forces_re_evaluation(self, controller):
+        """A different (hour, minute) key causes a full re-evaluation."""
+        controller.config["schedule"] = {
+            "enabled": True,
+            "start_time": "00:00",
+            "end_time": "23:59",
+        }
+        controller._tz = None
+
+        # Plant a stale minute key from yesterday
+        controller._schedule_checked_minute = (-1, -1)
+        controller.is_display_active = False  # wrong value to be corrected
+
+        controller._check_schedule()
+        assert controller.is_display_active is True, (
+            "A new minute key should trigger re-evaluation and correct is_display_active"
+        )
+
+    def test_gate_skipped_when_schedule_disabled(self, controller):
+        """When schedule.enabled=False the method returns before reaching the gate."""
+        controller.config["schedule"] = {"enabled": False}
+        controller._schedule_checked_minute = None
+        controller._tz = None
+
+        controller._check_schedule()
+        # The early-return path doesn't set the minute key
+        assert controller._schedule_checked_minute is None
+
+    # ── _check_dim_schedule ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    def test_dim_checked_minute_starts_none(self, controller):
+        assert controller._dim_checked_minute is None
+
+    def test_first_dim_call_sets_checked_minute(self, controller):
+        """First call with dim schedule enabled stores the minute key."""
+        controller.config["dim_schedule"] = {
+            "enabled": True,
+            "start_time": "22:00",
+            "end_time": "06:00",
+        }
+        controller.is_display_active = True
+        controller._dim_checked_minute = None
+        controller._tz = None
+
+        controller._check_dim_schedule()
+        assert controller._dim_checked_minute is not None
+
+    def test_dim_second_call_returns_cached_brightness(self, controller):
+        """Second call with same minute returns _cached_target_brightness immediately."""
+        controller.config["dim_schedule"] = {
+            "enabled": True,
+            "start_time": "22:00",
+            "end_time": "06:00",
+        }
+        controller.is_display_active = True
+        controller._dim_checked_minute = None
+        controller._tz = None
+
+        # First call stores the result
+        first_result = controller._check_dim_schedule()
+        assert controller._cached_target_brightness == first_result
+        minute_key = controller._dim_checked_minute
+
+        # Corrupt cached value to something recognisable
+        controller._cached_target_brightness = 42
+
+        # Second call in same minute — must return the cached 42
+        controller._dim_checked_minute = minute_key
+        second_result = controller._check_dim_schedule()
+        assert second_result == 42, (
+            "Same-minute call must return cached brightness, not re-compute"
+        )
+
+    def test_dim_gate_skipped_when_display_off(self, controller):
+        """When display is off the method exits before the minute gate."""
+        controller.config["dim_schedule"] = {"enabled": True, "start_time": "22:00", "end_time": "06:00"}
+        controller.is_display_active = False
+        controller._dim_checked_minute = None
+        controller._tz = None
+
+        controller._check_dim_schedule()
+        # Early-exit path does not set the minute key
+        assert controller._dim_checked_minute is None
+
+    def test_dim_cached_target_brightness_updated_after_full_evaluation(self, controller):
+        """After a full evaluation _cached_target_brightness reflects the result."""
+        controller.config["dim_schedule"] = {
+            "enabled": True,
+            "start_time": "22:00",
+            "end_time": "06:00",
+        }
+        controller.is_display_active = True
+        controller._dim_checked_minute = None   # force full re-evaluation
+        controller._tz = None
+
+        result = controller._check_dim_schedule()
+        assert controller._cached_target_brightness == result
+
+    # ── timezone lazy init ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    def test_tz_starts_none(self, controller):
+        assert controller._tz is None
+
+    def test_tz_lazily_initialised_on_first_schedule_check(self, controller):
+        """_tz is None until _check_schedule or _check_dim_schedule is called."""
+        controller.config["schedule"] = {
+            "enabled": True,
+            "start_time": "00:00",
+            "end_time": "23:59",
+        }
+        controller._tz = None
+        controller._schedule_checked_minute = None
+
+        controller._check_schedule()
+        assert controller._tz is not None
+
+    def test_tz_shared_between_schedule_and_dim(self, controller):
+        """Both methods use the same cached _tz instance."""
+        controller.config["schedule"] = {"enabled": True, "start_time": "00:00", "end_time": "23:59"}
+        controller.config["dim_schedule"] = {"enabled": True, "start_time": "22:00", "end_time": "06:00"}
+        controller.is_display_active = True
+        controller._tz = None
+        controller._schedule_checked_minute = None
+        controller._dim_checked_minute = None
+
+        controller._check_schedule()
+        tz_after_schedule = controller._tz
+
+        controller._check_dim_schedule()
+        assert controller._tz is tz_after_schedule, (
+            "_check_dim_schedule should reuse the _tz set by _check_schedule"
+        )

test/test_display_controller_plugin_toggle.py

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+"""Tests for live plugin enable/disable hot-reload in DisplayController.
+
+Enabling or disabling a plugin in config used to require a full display
+restart because the plugin list and available_modes were built once at init.
+These tests cover the reconcile path that loads/unloads plugins and rebuilds
+the dispatch maps on the main thread when the enabled set changes.
+"""
+
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+
+
+def _make_plugin(modes):
+    plugin = MagicMock()
+    plugin.modes = list(modes)
+    return plugin
+
+
+def _wire_plugin_manager(controller, plugins, discovered=None):
+    """Point the controller's mock plugin_manager at a set of fake plugins.
+
+    `plugins` maps plugin_id -> mock instance (with a .modes list).
+    """
+    pm = controller.plugin_manager
+    pm.discover_plugins.return_value = list(discovered if discovered is not None else plugins.keys())
+    pm.load_plugin.return_value = True
+    pm.unload_plugin.return_value = True
+    pm.plugin_manifests = {}
+    pm.get_plugin.side_effect = lambda pid: plugins.get(pid)
+    return pm
+
+
+def _set_config(controller, cfg):
+    controller.config_service.get_config = lambda: cfg
+
+
+class TestPluginEnableDisableHotReload:
+    def test_enable_plugin_live(self, test_display_controller):
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        assert controller.available_modes == []
+
+        plugin = _make_plugin(["foo"])
+        _wire_plugin_manager(controller, {"foo": plugin})
+        _set_config(controller, {"foo": {"enabled": True}})
+
+        controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins()
+
+        assert "foo" in controller.plugin_display_modes
+        assert "foo" in controller.available_modes
+        assert controller.plugin_modes["foo"] is plugin
+        assert controller.mode_to_plugin_id["foo"] == "foo"
+        controller.plugin_manager.load_plugin.assert_any_call("foo")
+
+    def test_disable_plugin_live(self, test_display_controller):
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        plugin = _make_plugin(["live", "recent"])
+        _wire_plugin_manager(controller, {"sports": plugin}, discovered=["sports"])
+
+        # Enable, then disable.
+        _set_config(controller, {"sports": {"enabled": True}})
+        controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins()
+        assert "sports" in controller.plugin_display_modes
+        assert "live" in controller.available_modes and "recent" in controller.available_modes
+        assert "sports" in controller._plugin_config_callbacks
+
+        _set_config(controller, {"sports": {"enabled": False}})
+        controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins()
+
+        assert "sports" not in controller.plugin_display_modes
+        assert "live" not in controller.available_modes
+        assert "recent" not in controller.available_modes
+        assert "live" not in controller.plugin_modes
+        assert "recent" not in controller.mode_to_plugin_id
+        controller.plugin_manager.unload_plugin.assert_any_call("sports")
+        assert "sports" not in controller._plugin_config_callbacks
+
+    def test_disable_clamps_current_mode_index(self, test_display_controller):
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        p1 = _make_plugin(["a"])
+        p2 = _make_plugin(["b"])
+        _wire_plugin_manager(controller, {"p1": p1, "p2": p2}, discovered=["p1", "p2"])
+
+        _set_config(controller, {"p1": {"enabled": True}, "p2": {"enabled": True}})
+        controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins()
+        # Add order across multiple plugins is set-driven (as at init), so
+        # compare membership, not order.
+        assert set(controller.available_modes) == {"a", "b"}
+
+        # Pretend we're currently showing p2's mode.
+        controller.current_mode_index = controller.available_modes.index("b")
+        controller.current_display_mode = "b"
+
+        _set_config(controller, {"p1": {"enabled": True}, "p2": {"enabled": False}})
+        controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins()
+
+        assert controller.available_modes == ["a"]
+        # Index must be back in range and the display mode no longer the removed one.
+        assert 0 <= controller.current_mode_index < len(controller.available_modes)
+        assert controller.current_display_mode == "a"
+
+    def test_enable_keeps_current_mode(self, test_display_controller):
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        p1 = _make_plugin(["a"])
+        p2 = _make_plugin(["b"])
+        _wire_plugin_manager(controller, {"p1": p1, "p2": p2}, discovered=["p1", "p2"])
+
+        _set_config(controller, {"p1": {"enabled": True}})
+        controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins()
+        controller.current_mode_index = 0
+        controller.current_display_mode = "a"
+
+        # Enabling p2 should not disturb the currently-showing mode.
+        _set_config(controller, {"p1": {"enabled": True}, "p2": {"enabled": True}})
+        controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins()
+
+        assert "b" in controller.available_modes
+        assert controller.current_display_mode == "a"
+        assert controller.available_modes[controller.current_mode_index] == "a"
+
+    def test_noop_when_enabled_set_unchanged(self, test_display_controller):
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        plugin = _make_plugin(["foo"])
+        _wire_plugin_manager(controller, {"foo": plugin}, discovered=["foo"])
+        _set_config(controller, {"foo": {"enabled": True}})
+        controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins()
+
+        load_calls = controller.plugin_manager.load_plugin.call_count
+        unload_calls = controller.plugin_manager.unload_plugin.call_count
+
+        # Reconcile again with no change — must not load/unload anything.
+        controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins()
+        assert controller.plugin_manager.load_plugin.call_count == load_calls
+        assert controller.plugin_manager.unload_plugin.call_count == unload_calls
+
+    def test_reconcile_ignores_non_dict_config_value(self, test_display_controller, caplog):
+        """A malformed config value (e.g. a stray string where a plugin's
+        section should be a dict) must be treated as disabled, not crash
+        the reconcile with AttributeError, and should be logged so it's
+        visible to whoever has to debug the malformed config."""
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        plugin = _make_plugin(["foo"])
+        _wire_plugin_manager(controller, {"foo": plugin}, discovered=["foo"])
+        _set_config(controller, {"foo": "not-a-dict"})
+
+        with caplog.at_level("WARNING"):
+            controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins()  # must not raise
+
+        assert "foo" not in controller.plugin_display_modes
+        assert "foo" not in controller.available_modes
+        assert any("foo" in r.message and "not a dict" in r.message for r in caplog.records)
+
+    def test_disable_keeps_callback_when_unsubscribe_fails(self, test_display_controller):
+        """If config_service.unsubscribe() raises, _unregister_plugin must
+        keep the callback in _plugin_config_callbacks rather than losing the
+        only reference to it (it still tears down the plugin itself)."""
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        plugin = _make_plugin(["live"])
+        _wire_plugin_manager(controller, {"sports": plugin}, discovered=["sports"])
+
+        _set_config(controller, {"sports": {"enabled": True}})
+        controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins()
+        assert "sports" in controller._plugin_config_callbacks
+
+        controller.config_service.unsubscribe = MagicMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("boom"))
+
+        _set_config(controller, {"sports": {"enabled": False}})
+        controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins()
+
+        assert "sports" not in controller.plugin_display_modes
+        assert "sports" in controller._plugin_config_callbacks
+
+
+class TestReconcileReturnValue:
+    """_reconcile_enabled_plugins() returns True/False so the caller (run()'s
+    loop) only clears _pending_plugin_reconcile on success, keeping a
+    retryable failure's request alive instead of silently dropping it."""
+
+    def test_returns_true_on_success(self, test_display_controller):
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        plugin = _make_plugin(["foo"])
+        _wire_plugin_manager(controller, {"foo": plugin}, discovered=["foo"])
+        _set_config(controller, {"foo": {"enabled": True}})
+        assert controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins() is True
+
+    def test_returns_true_for_noop(self, test_display_controller):
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        _wire_plugin_manager(controller, {}, discovered=[])
+        _set_config(controller, {})
+        assert controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins() is True
+
+    def test_returns_false_on_discovery_failure(self, test_display_controller):
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        controller.plugin_manager.discover_plugins.side_effect = RuntimeError("boom")
+        _set_config(controller, {})
+        assert controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins() is False
+
+    def test_returns_true_when_no_plugin_manager(self, test_display_controller):
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        controller.plugin_manager = None
+        assert controller._reconcile_enabled_plugins() is True
+
+
+class TestRunWithNoModesEnabled:
+    """Before hot-reload, an empty available_modes at startup was permanent
+    -- the display never came back without a restart. Now that a plugin can
+    be enabled live from the web UI, run() must idle rather than exit."""
+
+    def test_idles_instead_of_exiting(self, test_display_controller):
+        controller = test_display_controller
+        assert controller.available_modes == []
+
+        sleep_calls = []
+
+        def fake_sleep(duration, tick_interval=1.0):
+            sleep_calls.append(duration)
+            if len(sleep_calls) >= 3:
+                # Stand in for the process being torn down; run() catches
+                # this via its broad except + finally, same as any other
+                # unexpected error during the loop.
+                raise RuntimeError("stop-test-loop")
+
+        controller._sleep_with_plugin_updates = fake_sleep
+
+        controller.run()
+
+        # Old behavior returned before ever reaching the loop body, so
+        # _sleep_with_plugin_updates would never have been called. The idle
+        # tick is short (not a long sleep) so a plugin enabled via the web
+        # UI while idle is picked up about as promptly as it would be once
+        # modes exist and the loop is iterating per-frame.
+        assert sleep_calls == [1, 1, 1]
+
+
+class TestEnabledSetChanged:
+    def test_detects_toggle(self, test_display_controller):
+        c = test_display_controller
+        assert c._enabled_set_changed({"a": {"enabled": True}}, {"a": {"enabled": False}}) is True
+
+    def test_no_change(self, test_display_controller):
+        c = test_display_controller
+        cfg = {"a": {"enabled": True}, "b": {"enabled": False}}
+        assert c._enabled_set_changed(cfg, dict(cfg)) is False
+
+    def test_new_enabled_section(self, test_display_controller):
+        c = test_display_controller
+        assert c._enabled_set_changed(
+            {"a": {"enabled": True}},
+            {"a": {"enabled": True}, "b": {"enabled": True}},
+        ) is True
+
+    def test_ignores_non_enabled_value_edits(self, test_display_controller):
+        c = test_display_controller
+        assert c._enabled_set_changed(
+            {"a": {"enabled": True, "duration": 30}},
+            {"a": {"enabled": True, "duration": 45}},
+        ) is False

test/test_display_manager.py

@@ -109,11 +109,114 @@ class TestDisplayManagerDrawing:
 
 class TestDisplayManagerResourceManagement:
     """Test resource management."""
-    
+
     def test_cleanup(self, test_config, mock_rgb_matrix):
         """Test cleanup operation."""
         with patch.dict('os.environ', {'EMULATOR': 'false'}):
             dm = DisplayManager(test_config)
             dm.cleanup()
-            
+
             dm.matrix.Clear.assert_called()
+
+
+class TestDisplayManagerDoubleSided:
+    """Double-sided mode: render once at logical size, tile across the chain."""
+
+    def _config(self, **double_sided):
+        """Build a config (physical 128x32) with the given double_sided block."""
+        return {
+            'display': {
+                'hardware': {
+                    'rows': 32, 'cols': 64, 'chain_length': 2, 'parallel': 1,
+                    'hardware_mapping': 'adafruit-hat-pwm', 'brightness': 90,
+                },
+                'runtime': {'gpio_slowdown': 2},
+                'double_sided': double_sided,
+            },
+            'timezone': 'UTC',
+            'plugin_system': {'plugins_directory': 'plugins'},
+        }
+
+    def _captured_physical(self, mock_rgb_matrix):
+        """Return the image handed to the canvas on the last update_display()."""
+        canvas = mock_rgb_matrix['matrix_instance'].CreateFrameCanvas.return_value
+        return canvas.SetImage.call_args[0][0]
+
+    def test_horizontal_reports_logical_dimensions(self, mock_rgb_matrix):
+        """Plugins see the per-screen size, not the full physical chain."""
+        DisplayManager._instance = None
+        with patch.dict('os.environ', {'EMULATOR': 'false'}):
+            dm = DisplayManager(self._config(enabled=True, copies=2, axis='horizontal'),
+                                suppress_test_pattern=True)
+            # Physical chain is 128x32; two side-by-side copies -> logical 64x32.
+            assert dm.matrix.width == 64
+            assert dm.matrix.height == 32
+            assert (dm.width, dm.height) == (64, 32)
+            assert dm.image.size == (64, 32)
+
+    def test_horizontal_tiles_image_across_chain(self, mock_rgb_matrix):
+        """The logical screen is duplicated left/right into a full-chain frame."""
+        from PIL import Image
+        DisplayManager._instance = None
+        with patch.dict('os.environ', {'EMULATOR': 'false'}):
+            dm = DisplayManager(self._config(enabled=True, copies=2, axis='horizontal'),
+                                suppress_test_pattern=True)
+            logical = Image.new('RGB', (64, 32), (0, 0, 0))
+            logical.putpixel((5, 5), (255, 0, 0))
+            dm.image = logical
+            dm.update_display()
+
+            physical = self._captured_physical(mock_rgb_matrix)
+            assert physical.size == (128, 32)
+            assert physical.getpixel((5, 5)) == (255, 0, 0)
+            assert physical.getpixel((69, 5)) == (255, 0, 0)  # copy shifted +64
+
+    def test_vertical_axis_tiles_stacked(self, mock_rgb_matrix):
+        """Vertical axis stacks copies (for panels on parallel outputs)."""
+        from PIL import Image
+        DisplayManager._instance = None
+        with patch.dict('os.environ', {'EMULATOR': 'false'}):
+            dm = DisplayManager(self._config(enabled=True, copies=2, axis='vertical'),
+                                suppress_test_pattern=True)
+            # 128x32 split vertically -> logical 128x16.
+            assert (dm.matrix.width, dm.matrix.height) == (128, 16)
+            logical = Image.new('RGB', (128, 16), (0, 0, 0))
+            logical.putpixel((10, 3), (0, 255, 0))
+            dm.image = logical
+            dm.update_display()
+
+            physical = self._captured_physical(mock_rgb_matrix)
+            assert physical.size == (128, 32)
+            assert physical.getpixel((10, 3)) == (0, 255, 0)
+            assert physical.getpixel((10, 19)) == (0, 255, 0)  # copy shifted +16
+
+    def test_indivisible_dimension_disables_mode(self, mock_rgb_matrix):
+        """A physical size that doesn't divide evenly falls back to single."""
+        DisplayManager._instance = None
+        with patch.dict('os.environ', {'EMULATOR': 'false'}):
+            dm = DisplayManager(self._config(enabled=True, copies=3, axis='horizontal'),
+                                suppress_test_pattern=True)
+            assert dm._double_sided is None  # 128 % 3 != 0
+            assert dm.matrix.width == 128
+            assert dm.image.size == (128, 32)
+
+    def test_disabled_blits_logical_image_unchanged(self, mock_rgb_matrix):
+        """With the feature off, the rendered image is sent through untouched."""
+        from PIL import Image
+        DisplayManager._instance = None
+        with patch.dict('os.environ', {'EMULATOR': 'false'}):
+            dm = DisplayManager(self._config(enabled=False), suppress_test_pattern=True)
+            assert dm._double_sided is None
+            img = Image.new('RGB', (128, 32))
+            dm.image = img
+            dm.update_display()
+            assert self._captured_physical(mock_rgb_matrix) is img
+
+    def test_brightness_write_forwards_through_proxy(self, mock_rgb_matrix):
+        """Setting brightness via the proxy reaches the real matrix."""
+        DisplayManager._instance = None
+        with patch.dict('os.environ', {'EMULATOR': 'false'}):
+            dm = DisplayManager(self._config(enabled=True, copies=2, axis='horizontal'),
+                                suppress_test_pattern=True)
+            assert dm.set_brightness(70) is True
+            assert mock_rgb_matrix['matrix_instance'].brightness == 70

test/test_store_manager_caches.py

@@ -43,6 +43,115 @@ class TestUninstallTombstone(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertNotIn("foo", self.sm._uninstall_tombstones)
 
 
+class TestPersistentUninstallRegistry(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Regression tests for the persistent uninstall registry that stops a
+    core `git pull` update from resurrecting built-in plugins the user
+    removed (plugins committed under plugin-repos/)."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._tmp = TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(self._tmp.cleanup)
+        self.plugins_dir = Path(self._tmp.name) / "plugin-repos"
+        self.plugins_dir.mkdir()
+        self.registry_path = Path(self._tmp.name) / "config" / "uninstalled_plugins.json"
+        self.sm = PluginStoreManager(
+            plugins_dir=str(self.plugins_dir),
+            uninstalled_registry_path=str(self.registry_path),
+        )
+
+    def _make_plugin_dir(self, plugin_id):
+        """Simulate a built-in plugin restored on disk (e.g. by git pull)."""
+        d = self.plugins_dir / plugin_id
+        d.mkdir(parents=True)
+        (d / "manifest.json").write_text('{"id": "%s"}' % plugin_id)
+        return d
+
+    def test_unrecorded_plugin_is_not_uninstalled(self):
+        self.assertFalse(self.sm.is_plugin_uninstalled("web-ui-info"))
+        self.assertEqual(self.sm.get_uninstalled_plugins(), set())
+
+    def test_record_persists_across_instances(self):
+        self.sm.record_uninstalled_plugin("web-ui-info")
+        self.assertTrue(self.registry_path.exists())
+        # A fresh manager (simulating a service restart after update) still sees it.
+        fresh = PluginStoreManager(
+            plugins_dir=str(self.plugins_dir),
+            uninstalled_registry_path=str(self.registry_path),
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(fresh.is_plugin_uninstalled("web-ui-info"))
+
+    def test_forget_clears_record(self):
+        self.sm.record_uninstalled_plugin("web-ui-info")
+        self.sm.forget_uninstalled_plugin("web-ui-info")
+        self.assertFalse(self.sm.is_plugin_uninstalled("web-ui-info"))
+
+    def test_purge_removes_resurrected_plugin(self):
+        # The bug: user removed web-ui-info, then a git pull restored its
+        # committed files. Recorded uninstall + purge must re-remove it.
+        self._make_plugin_dir("web-ui-info")
+        self.sm.record_uninstalled_plugin("web-ui-info")
+        self.assertTrue((self.plugins_dir / "web-ui-info").exists())
+
+        removed = self.sm.purge_uninstalled_plugins()
+
+        self.assertEqual(removed, ["web-ui-info"])
+        self.assertFalse((self.plugins_dir / "web-ui-info").exists())
+        # Record is kept so the purge stays idempotent across future updates.
+        self.assertTrue(self.sm.is_plugin_uninstalled("web-ui-info"))
+
+    def test_purge_leaves_non_uninstalled_plugins_alone(self):
+        self._make_plugin_dir("baseball-scoreboard")  # present, not recorded
+        self._make_plugin_dir("web-ui-info")
+        self.sm.record_uninstalled_plugin("web-ui-info")
+
+        self.sm.purge_uninstalled_plugins()
+
+        self.assertTrue((self.plugins_dir / "baseball-scoreboard").exists())
+        self.assertFalse((self.plugins_dir / "web-ui-info").exists())
+
+    def test_purge_noop_when_plugin_absent(self):
+        # Recorded but never restored on disk — nothing to remove.
+        self.sm.record_uninstalled_plugin("web-ui-info")
+        self.assertEqual(self.sm.purge_uninstalled_plugins(), [])
+
+    def test_corrupt_registry_is_ignored(self):
+        self.registry_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        self.registry_path.write_text("{ not valid json")
+        self.assertEqual(self.sm.get_uninstalled_plugins(), set())
+        self.assertFalse(self.sm.is_plugin_uninstalled("web-ui-info"))
+
+    def _write_raw_registry(self, value):
+        self.registry_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        import json as _json
+        self.registry_path.write_text(_json.dumps(value))
+
+    def test_empty_id_does_not_wipe_plugins_root(self):
+        # An empty id resolves to plugins_dir itself; purge must never delete it.
+        self._make_plugin_dir("baseball-scoreboard")
+        self._write_raw_registry([""])
+
+        removed = self.sm.purge_uninstalled_plugins()
+
+        self.assertEqual(removed, [])
+        self.assertTrue(self.plugins_dir.exists())
+        self.assertTrue((self.plugins_dir / "baseball-scoreboard").exists())
+        # Invalid id is filtered out entirely.
+        self.assertEqual(self.sm.get_uninstalled_plugins(), set())
+
+    def test_traversal_ids_are_ignored(self):
+        for bad in ["..", "../evil", "a/b", "."]:
+            with self.subTest(bad=bad):
+                self.assertFalse(self.sm._is_valid_plugin_id(bad))
+        self._write_raw_registry(["../evil", "..", "web-ui-info"])
+        # Only the safe id survives the read.
+        self.assertEqual(self.sm.get_uninstalled_plugins(), {"web-ui-info"})
+
+    def test_record_rejects_invalid_id(self):
+        self.sm.record_uninstalled_plugin("")
+        self.sm.record_uninstalled_plugin("../escape")
+        self.assertEqual(self.sm.get_uninstalled_plugins(), set())
+
+
 class TestGitInfoCache(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self._tmp = TemporaryDirectory()
@@ -58,19 +167,15 @@ class TestGitInfoCache(unittest.TestCase):
         (self.plugin_path / ".git" / "HEAD").write_text("ref: refs/heads/main\n")
 
     def _fake_subprocess_run(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        # Return different dummy values depending on which git subcommand
-        # was invoked so the code paths that parse output all succeed.
+        # _get_local_git_info now reads branch and remote_url directly from
+        # .git/HEAD and .git/config (no subprocess) and uses a single
+        # ``git log --format=%H%n%cI`` call that returns SHA on line 1 and
+        # ISO date on line 2.  Adjust the fake accordingly.
         cmd = args[0]
         result = MagicMock()
         result.returncode = 0
-        if "rev-parse" in cmd and "HEAD" in cmd and "--abbrev-ref" not in cmd:
-            result.stdout = "abcdef1234567890\n"
-        elif "--abbrev-ref" in cmd:
-            result.stdout = "main\n"
-        elif "config" in cmd:
-            result.stdout = "https://example.com/repo.git\n"
-        elif "log" in cmd:
-            result.stdout = "2026-04-08T12:00:00+00:00\n"
+        if "log" in cmd:
+            result.stdout = "abcdef1234567890\n2026-04-08T12:00:00+00:00\n"
         else:
             result.stdout = ""
         return result
@@ -84,7 +189,8 @@ class TestGitInfoCache(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertIsNotNone(first)
             self.assertEqual(first["short_sha"], "abcdef1")
             calls_after_first = mock_run.call_count
-            self.assertEqual(calls_after_first, 4)
+            # Production code now uses a single ``git log`` call.
+            self.assertEqual(calls_after_first, 1)
 
             # Second call with unchanged HEAD: zero new subprocess calls.
             second = self.sm._get_local_git_info(self.plugin_path)
@@ -105,7 +211,8 @@ class TestGitInfoCache(unittest.TestCase):
             os.utime(head, (new_time, new_time))
 
             self.sm._get_local_git_info(self.plugin_path)
-            self.assertEqual(mock_run.call_count, calls_after_first + 4)
+            # One new ``git log`` call after cache invalidation.
+            self.assertEqual(mock_run.call_count, calls_after_first + 1)
 
     def test_no_git_directory_returns_none(self):
         non_git = self.plugins_dir / "no_git"
@@ -192,14 +299,11 @@ class TestGitInfoCache(unittest.TestCase):
             result = MagicMock()
             result.returncode = 0
             cmd = args[0]
-            if "rev-parse" in cmd and "--abbrev-ref" not in cmd:
-                result.stdout = branch_file.read_text().strip() + "\n"
-            elif "--abbrev-ref" in cmd:
-                result.stdout = "main\n"
-            elif "config" in cmd:
-                result.stdout = "https://example.com/repo.git\n"
-            elif "log" in cmd:
-                result.stdout = "2026-04-08T12:00:00+00:00\n"
+            # Production code now uses a single ``git log --format=%H%n%cI``.
+            # Branch and remote_url are read directly from .git/HEAD/.git/config.
+            if "log" in cmd:
+                sha = branch_file.read_text().strip()
+                result.stdout = f"{sha}\n2026-04-08T12:00:00+00:00\n"
             else:
                 result.stdout = ""
             return result

test/test_web_api.py

@@ -141,9 +141,62 @@ class TestConfigAPI:
             data=json.dumps(invalid_config),
             content_type='application/json'
         )
-        
+
         assert response.status_code in [400, 500]
-    
+
+    def test_save_double_sided_settings(self, client, mock_config_manager):
+        """Double-sided form fields are persisted under display.double_sided."""
+        response = client.post(
+            '/api/v3/config/main',
+            data={
+                'double_sided_enabled': 'true',
+                'double_sided_copies': '2',
+                'double_sided_axis': 'vertical',
+            },
+            content_type='application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
+        )
+
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+        saved = mock_config_manager.save_config_atomic.call_args[0][0]
+        assert saved['display']['double_sided'] == {
+            'enabled': True, 'copies': 2, 'axis': 'vertical',
+        }
+
+    def test_save_double_sided_unchecked_disables(self, client, mock_config_manager):
+        """An omitted 'enabled' checkbox is saved as disabled, not left stale."""
+        response = client.post(
+            '/api/v3/config/main',
+            data={'double_sided_copies': '4', 'double_sided_axis': 'horizontal'},
+            content_type='application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
+        )
+
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+        ds = mock_config_manager.save_config_atomic.call_args[0][0]['display']['double_sided']
+        assert ds['enabled'] is False
+        assert ds['copies'] == 4
+
+    def test_save_double_sided_invalid_copies_rejected(self, client, mock_config_manager):
+        """copies < 2 is rejected with a 400 before any save."""
+        response = client.post(
+            '/api/v3/config/main',
+            data={'double_sided_enabled': 'true', 'double_sided_copies': '1'},
+            content_type='application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
+        )
+
+        assert response.status_code == 400
+        mock_config_manager.save_config_atomic.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_save_double_sided_invalid_axis_rejected(self, client, mock_config_manager):
+        """An unknown axis is rejected with a 400 before any save."""
+        response = client.post(
+            '/api/v3/config/main',
+            data={'double_sided_enabled': 'true', 'double_sided_axis': 'diagonal'},
+            content_type='application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
+        )
+
+        assert response.status_code == 400
+        mock_config_manager.save_config_atomic.assert_not_called()
+
     def test_get_secrets_config(self, client, mock_config_manager):
         """Test getting secrets configuration."""
         response = client.get('/api/v3/config/secrets')
@@ -617,7 +670,8 @@ class TestDottedKeyNormalization:
             'leagues': {'eng.1': {'enabled': True, 'favorite_teams': []}},
         }
         schema_mgr.merge_with_defaults.side_effect = lambda config, defaults: {**defaults, **config}
-        schema_mgr.validate_config_against_schema.return_value = []
+        # Must be a (bool, list) tuple: the endpoint does is_valid, errors = validate_config_against_schema(...)
+        schema_mgr.validate_config_against_schema.return_value = (True, [])
         api_v3.schema_manager = schema_mgr
 
         request_data = {
@@ -679,7 +733,7 @@ class TestDottedKeyNormalization:
             'leagues': {'eng.1': {'favorite_teams': []}},
         }
         schema_mgr.merge_with_defaults.side_effect = lambda config, defaults: {**defaults, **config}
-        schema_mgr.validate_config_against_schema.return_value = []
+        schema_mgr.validate_config_against_schema.return_value = (True, [])
         api_v3.schema_manager = schema_mgr
 
         request_data = {

test/web_interface/test_dotted_league_keys.py

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+"""
+Regression test for saving plugin config fields whose schema keys contain dots
+(e.g. soccer league keys like "fifa.world", "eng.1", "usa.1").
+
+Bug: the web config form posts form-data with dotted paths such as
+"leagues.fifa.world.enabled". The helpers that resolve those paths split on every
+dot, so the dotted league key "fifa.world" was mistaken for nested "fifa" ->
+"world" objects. Per-league edits (enable, favorite_teams, nested booleans) were
+written to a fabricated "leagues.fifa.world" branch while the real league object
+was never updated, so the save silently dropped the change and the saved config
+came out byte-identical.
+"""
+
+import unittest
+
+from web_interface.blueprints.api_v3 import (
+    _get_schema_property,
+    _set_nested_value,
+    _parse_form_value_with_schema,
+)
+
+
+SCHEMA = {
+    "type": "object",
+    "properties": {
+        "leagues": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+                "fifa.world": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                        "enabled": {"type": "boolean"},
+                        "favorite_teams": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "items": {"type": "string"},
+                        },
+                        "display_modes": {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "properties": {"live": {"type": "boolean"}},
+                        },
+                    },
+                }
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+class TestDottedLeagueKeys(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_schema_lookup_resolves_dotted_league_key(self):
+        prop = _get_schema_property(SCHEMA, "leagues.fifa.world.favorite_teams")
+        self.assertIsNotNone(prop, "dotted league key path should resolve")
+        self.assertEqual(prop.get("type"), "array")
+
+    def test_schema_lookup_resolves_nested_object_beneath_dotted_key(self):
+        live = _get_schema_property(SCHEMA, "leagues.fifa.world.display_modes.live")
+        self.assertIsNotNone(live)
+        self.assertEqual(live.get("type"), "boolean")
+
+    def test_parse_typed_value_for_dotted_key(self):
+        # Comma-separated text input "USA" must become an array, not the raw string.
+        parsed = _parse_form_value_with_schema(
+            "USA", "leagues.fifa.world.favorite_teams", SCHEMA
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(parsed, ["USA"])
+
+    def test_set_value_updates_real_league_not_fabricated_branch(self):
+        config = {"leagues": {"fifa.world": {"enabled": False, "favorite_teams": []}}}
+        _set_nested_value(config, "leagues.fifa.world.enabled", True)
+        _set_nested_value(config, "leagues.fifa.world.favorite_teams", ["USA"])
+
+        self.assertTrue(config["leagues"]["fifa.world"]["enabled"])
+        self.assertEqual(config["leagues"]["fifa.world"]["favorite_teams"], ["USA"])
+        # The real league must be updated and no fabricated "fifa" branch created.
+        self.assertNotIn("fifa", config["leagues"])
+
+    def test_set_value_into_missing_leaf_lands_in_real_league(self):
+        # A leaf that does not exist yet still resolves into the real dotted league.
+        config = {"leagues": {"fifa.world": {"enabled": False}}}
+        _set_nested_value(config, "leagues.fifa.world.display_modes.live", True)
+        self.assertTrue(
+            config["leagues"]["fifa.world"]["display_modes"]["live"]
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn("fifa", config["leagues"])
+
+    def test_plain_nested_paths_still_work(self):
+        config = {}
+        _set_nested_value(config, "customization.text.font", "small")
+        self.assertEqual(config["customization"]["text"]["font"], "small")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

test/web_interface/test_state_reconciliation.py

@@ -224,20 +224,14 @@ class TestStateReconciliation(unittest.TestCase):
         with open(manifest_path, 'w') as f:
             json.dump({"version": "1.0.0", "name": "Plugin 1"}, f)
         
-        # Mock save_config to track calls
-        saved_configs = []
-        def save_config(config):
-            saved_configs.append(config)
-        
-        self.config_manager.save_config = save_config
-        
         # Run reconciliation
         result = self.reconciler.reconcile_state()
-        
-        # Verify fix was attempted
+
+        # config.json is the source of truth for enabled state. The fix syncs
+        # the state manager to match config (config says True → state set True),
+        # rather than overwriting the config with the stale state value.
         self.assertEqual(len(result.inconsistencies_fixed), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(len(saved_configs), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(saved_configs[0]["plugin1"]["enabled"], False)
+        self.state_manager.set_plugin_enabled.assert_called_once_with("plugin1", True)
     
     def test_multiple_inconsistencies(self):
         """Test reconciliation with multiple inconsistencies."""

test/web_interface/test_systemctl_sudoers_alignment.py

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+"""Guards that every privileged systemctl call the web interface makes is
+covered by a passwordless-sudo grant in configure_web_sudo.sh.
+
+The web interface runs headless (no TTY), so any `sudo` call that is not
+matched by a NOPASSWD rule in /etc/sudoers.d/ledmatrix_web falls back to a
+password prompt and fails with:
+
+    sudo: a terminal is required to read the password
+
+sudo matches the command line by exact string, so `systemctl start ledmatrix`
+and `systemctl start ledmatrix.service` are NOT interchangeable. This test
+parses both the production blueprint and the sudoers-generator script and
+asserts the (verb, unit) pairs line up, catching the suffix-mismatch class of
+bug before it ships.
+"""
+
+import ast
+import re
+from pathlib import Path
+
+PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+API_V3 = PROJECT_ROOT / "web_interface" / "blueprints" / "api_v3.py"
+SUDOERS_SCRIPT = PROJECT_ROOT / "scripts" / "install" / "configure_web_sudo.sh"
+
+
+def _sudo_systemctl_calls(source: str) -> set[tuple[str, str]]:
+    """Return (verb, unit) for every list literal beginning with
+    ['sudo', 'systemctl', ...] passed to a subprocess call in the source."""
+    calls: set[tuple[str, str]] = set()
+    for node in ast.walk(ast.parse(source)):
+        if not isinstance(node, ast.List):
+            continue
+        elts = node.elts
+        if len(elts) < 4:
+            continue
+        if not all(isinstance(e, ast.Constant) and isinstance(e.value, str) for e in elts[:4]):
+            continue
+        if elts[0].value == "sudo" and elts[1].value == "systemctl":
+            calls.add((elts[2].value, elts[3].value))
+    return calls
+
+
+def _granted_systemctl_rules(script: str) -> set[tuple[str, str]]:
+    """Return (verb, unit) for each `$SYSTEMCTL_PATH <verb> <unit>` NOPASSWD
+    grant emitted by the sudoers-generator script."""
+    rules: set[tuple[str, str]] = set()
+    for match in re.finditer(r"\$SYSTEMCTL_PATH\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)", script):
+        verb, unit = match.group(1), match.group(2).rstrip('"')
+        rules.add((verb, unit))
+    return rules
+
+
+def test_every_sudo_systemctl_call_is_granted() -> None:
+    calls = _sudo_systemctl_calls(API_V3.read_text())
+    rules = _granted_systemctl_rules(SUDOERS_SCRIPT.read_text())
+
+    assert calls, "expected to find sudo systemctl calls in api_v3.py"
+
+    uncovered = {c for c in calls if c not in rules}
+    assert not uncovered, (
+        "These sudo systemctl calls have no matching NOPASSWD grant in "
+        "configure_web_sudo.sh; they will fail headless with "
+        "'sudo: a terminal is required to read the password': "
+        + ", ".join(f"systemctl {v} {u}" for v, u in sorted(uncovered))
+    )
+
+
+def test_units_are_fully_qualified() -> None:
+    """Privileged systemctl calls must name the unit as <name>.service so they
+    match the sudoers grants, which use the fully-qualified unit name."""
+    calls = _sudo_systemctl_calls(API_V3.read_text())
+    unqualified = {(v, u) for v, u in calls if not u.endswith(".service")}
+    assert not unqualified, (
+        "sudo systemctl calls must use fully-qualified .service unit names: "
+        + ", ".join(f"systemctl {v} {u}" for v, u in sorted(unqualified))
+    )

web_interface/app.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import json
 import logging
 import os
 import queue
+import re
 import shutil
 import sys
 import subprocess
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ from src.plugin_system.health_monitor import PluginHealthMonitor
 
 _JOURNALCTL = shutil.which('journalctl')
 _SYSTEMCTL = shutil.which('systemctl')
+_VCGENCMD = shutil.which('vcgencmd')
 
 # Create Flask app
 app = Flask(__name__)
@@ -79,6 +81,21 @@ plugin_manager = PluginManager(
     cache_manager=None     # Not needed for web interface
 )
 plugin_store_manager = PluginStoreManager(plugins_dir=str(plugins_dir))
+# A core `git pull` update (or any checkout) restores built-in plugins
+# committed under plugin-repos/, even ones the user uninstalled. Re-remove any
+# the user previously uninstalled at startup so a manual update on the Pi
+# doesn't resurrect them.
+try:
+    _purged = plugin_store_manager.purge_uninstalled_plugins()
+    if _purged:
+        logging.getLogger(__name__).info(
+            "Re-removed %d uninstalled plugin(s) restored since last run: %s",
+            len(_purged), ", ".join(_purged),
+        )
+except (OSError, RuntimeError) as _purge_err:
+    logging.getLogger(__name__).warning(
+        "Startup plugin purge failed: %s", _purge_err
+    )
 saved_repositories_manager = SavedRepositoriesManager()
 
 # Initialize schema manager
@@ -391,6 +408,22 @@ def captive_portal_redirect():
     # Redirect to lightweight captive portal setup page (not the full UI)
     return redirect(url_for('pages_v3.captive_setup'), code=302)
 
+# Append a content-version query param (file mtime) to every static URL so the
+# long-lived `immutable` cache (see add_security_headers below) is actually safe:
+# when a static file changes its URL changes, so browsers refetch it. Without
+# this, edited JS/CSS were served immutable under an unchanging URL and never
+# reached clients until a manual cache clear.
+@app.url_defaults
+def add_static_version(endpoint, values):
+    if endpoint == 'static' and values.get('filename'):
+        try:
+            file_path = os.path.join(app.static_folder, values['filename'])
+            values['v'] = int(os.path.getmtime(file_path))
+        except OSError:
+            # File missing (e.g. plugin asset not yet installed) — skip versioning.
+            pass
+
+
 # Add security headers and caching to all responses
 @app.after_request
 def add_security_headers(response):
@@ -467,6 +500,37 @@ class _StreamBroadcaster:
                         except queue.Full:
                             pass
 
+def _get_power_status():
+    """Check Raspberry Pi under-voltage/throttling status via vcgencmd.
+
+    Returns a dict of decoded flags, or None on non-Pi platforms (no
+    vcgencmd) or if the call fails for any reason. See:
+    https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/os.html#get_throttled
+    """
+    if not _VCGENCMD:
+        return None
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            [_VCGENCMD, 'get_throttled'], capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=2
+        )
+        match = re.search(r'0x([0-9a-fA-F]+)', result.stdout)
+        if not match:
+            return None
+        bits = int(match.group(1), 16)
+        return {
+            'under_voltage_now': bool(bits & 0x1),
+            'freq_capped_now': bool(bits & 0x2),
+            'throttled_now': bool(bits & 0x4),
+            'soft_temp_limit_now': bool(bits & 0x8),
+            'under_voltage_occurred': bool(bits & 0x10000),
+            'freq_capped_occurred': bool(bits & 0x20000),
+            'throttled_occurred': bool(bits & 0x40000),
+            'soft_temp_limit_occurred': bool(bits & 0x80000),
+        }
+    except (subprocess.SubprocessError, OSError, ValueError) as e:
+        app.logger.warning("vcgencmd get_throttled failed: %s", e)
+        return None
+
 # System status generator for SSE
 def system_status_generator():
     """Generate system status updates"""
@@ -513,7 +577,8 @@ def system_status_generator():
                 'cpu_percent': cpu_percent,
                 'memory_used_percent': memory_used_percent,
                 'cpu_temp': cpu_temp,
-                'disk_used_percent': 0
+                'disk_used_percent': 0,
+                'power': _get_power_status()
             }
             yield status
         except Exception as e:

web_interface/blueprints/api_v3.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import logging
 from datetime import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Dict, Any
+from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -28,6 +29,118 @@ from src.error_aggregator import get_error_aggregator
 
 _SUDO = shutil.which('sudo')
 _JOURNALCTL = shutil.which('journalctl')
+_GIT = shutil.which('git')
+
+# Cap subprocess output returned to the browser — pip can produce MBs on build failures.
+_MAX_OUTPUT_BYTES = 51_200  # 50 KB
+
+
+def _truncate_output(stdout: str, stderr: str) -> str:
+    """Combine stdout+stderr and truncate to _MAX_OUTPUT_BYTES (keeping the tail)."""
+    combined = (stdout + stderr).strip()
+    if len(combined) > _MAX_OUTPUT_BYTES:
+        combined = '[...output truncated...]\n' + combined[-_MAX_OUTPUT_BYTES:]
+    return combined
+
+
+def _pip_install_requirements(req_file: Path, timeout: int) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess:
+    """Install a requirements.txt file, preferring the vetted sudo wrapper so
+    the packages are visible to root-run ledmatrix.service — not just to
+    whichever non-root user runs this web process. Falls back to installing
+    for the current process only if the wrapper isn't set up yet (i.e. the
+    admin hasn't run scripts/install/configure_web_sudo.sh since upgrading),
+    so the button still does *something* useful rather than hard-failing.
+    """
+    wrapper = PROJECT_ROOT / 'scripts' / 'fix_perms' / 'safe_pip_install.sh'
+    if wrapper.exists():
+        # Must invoke via an explicit `bash <path>` — matching both the
+        # sudoers rule configure_web_sudo.sh provisions ($BASH_PATH
+        # $SAFE_PIP_INSTALL_PATH *) and the existing safe_plugin_rm.sh call
+        # in src/common/permission_utils.py. Calling the script path directly
+        # (relying on its shebang) makes sudo check a different command line
+        # than what's actually allowlisted, so `sudo -n` denies it on any
+        # install that only has the specific rules this script provisions —
+        # it only appeared to work in prior testing because that device also
+        # had a broader, non-standard NOPASSWD: ALL grant.
+        #
+        # $BASH_PATH is resolved once at setup time (configure_web_sudo.sh's
+        # `command -v bash`) and baked into the static sudoers file as a
+        # literal path; sudo requires an exact string match against that, so
+        # if this process's own PATH resolves bash somewhere else, the
+        # sudoers rule won't match here either. Try the standard Debian/
+        # Raspberry Pi OS locations first, then this process's own
+        # resolution, so a divergence in just one of them doesn't break this.
+        bash_candidates = []
+        for candidate in ('/usr/bin/bash', '/bin/bash', shutil.which('bash')):
+            if candidate and candidate not in bash_candidates:
+                bash_candidates.append(candidate)
+
+        result = None
+        for bash_path in bash_candidates:
+            result = subprocess.run(
+                ['sudo', '-n', bash_path, str(wrapper), str(req_file)],
+                capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=timeout, cwd=str(PROJECT_ROOT)
+            )
+            if result.returncode == 0:
+                return result
+            # Best-effort distinction between "sudo rejected this exact
+            # command line" (no matching NOPASSWD rule for this bash path —
+            # worth trying the next candidate) and "sudo ran it but the
+            # wrapper/pip itself failed" (a real error — stop and surface it
+            # rather than uselessly retrying other bash paths or doubling up
+            # with a redundant non-root install attempt).
+            denied = any(
+                phrase in result.stderr
+                for phrase in ('a password is required', 'is not allowed to run', 'no tty present')
+            )
+            if not denied:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "[Pip Install] Root install failed (rc=%s) for %s: %s",
+                    result.returncode, req_file, result.stderr.strip()[:500],
+                )
+                return result
+
+        logger.warning(
+            "[Pip Install] Root wrapper denied via sudo for %s; falling back "
+            "to user-level install: %s",
+            req_file, result.stderr.strip()[:500] if result else 'no bash candidates found',
+        )
+        note = (
+            f"[Root install unavailable ({(result.stderr.strip() if result else 'sudo denied') or 'sudo denied'}); "
+            "installed for the web service's user only. Packages may not be "
+            "visible to ledmatrix.service if it runs as a different user — "
+            "run scripts/install/configure_web_sudo.sh to fix this.]\n"
+        )
+    else:
+        logger.warning(
+            "[Pip Install] safe_pip_install.sh not found; falling back to user-level install for %s",
+            req_file,
+        )
+        note = (
+            "[safe_pip_install.sh not found; installed for the web service's "
+            "user only. Run scripts/install/configure_web_sudo.sh to enable "
+            "root installs visible to ledmatrix.service.]\n"
+        )
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        [sys.executable, '-m', 'pip', 'install', '--break-system-packages', '-r', str(req_file)],
+        capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=timeout, cwd=str(PROJECT_ROOT)
+    )
+    result.stdout = note + (result.stdout or '')
+    return result
+
+
+def _scrub_git_remote_url(url: str) -> str:
+    """Strip embedded username/password from an HTTPS remote URL before returning it to the UI."""
+    try:
+        p = urlparse(url)
+        if p.scheme in ('http', 'https') and (p.username or p.password):
+            netloc = p.hostname or ''
+            if p.port:
+                netloc += f':{p.port}'
+            return urlunparse(p._replace(netloc=netloc))
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+    return url
 
 # Will be initialized when blueprint is registered
 config_manager = None
@@ -190,7 +303,7 @@ def _ensure_display_service_running():
     if status.get('active'):
         status['started'] = False
         return status
-    result = _run_systemctl_command(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'start', 'ledmatrix'])
+    result = _run_systemctl_command(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'start', 'ledmatrix.service'])
     service_status = _get_display_service_status()
     result['started'] = result.get('returncode') == 0
     result['active'] = service_status.get('active')
@@ -199,7 +312,7 @@ def _ensure_display_service_running():
 
 def _stop_display_service():
     """Stop the ledmatrix display service."""
-    result = _run_systemctl_command(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'stop', 'ledmatrix'])
+    result = _run_systemctl_command(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'stop', 'ledmatrix.service'])
     status = _get_display_service_status()
     result['active'] = status.get('active')
     result['status'] = status
@@ -705,7 +818,8 @@ def save_main_config():
         display_fields = ['rows', 'cols', 'chain_length', 'parallel', 'brightness', 'hardware_mapping',
                          'gpio_slowdown', 'rp1_rio', 'scan_mode', 'disable_hardware_pulsing', 'inverse_colors', 'show_refresh_rate',
                          'pwm_bits', 'pwm_dither_bits', 'pwm_lsb_nanoseconds', 'limit_refresh_rate_hz', 'use_short_date_format',
-                         'max_dynamic_duration_seconds', 'led_rgb_sequence', 'multiplexing', 'panel_type']
+                         'max_dynamic_duration_seconds', 'led_rgb_sequence', 'multiplexing', 'panel_type',
+                         'row_address_type']
 
         if any(k in data for k in display_fields):
             if 'display' not in current_config:
@@ -736,14 +850,23 @@ def save_main_config():
                 except (ValueError, TypeError):
                     return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': f"Invalid multiplexing value '{data['multiplexing']}'. Must be an integer from 0 to 22."}), 400
 
+            # Validate row_address_type
+            if 'row_address_type' in data:
+                try:
+                    rat_val = int(data['row_address_type'])
+                    if rat_val < 0 or rat_val > 4:
+                        return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': f"Invalid row_address_type '{data['row_address_type']}'. Must be an integer from 0 to 4."}), 400
+                except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                    return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': f"Invalid row_address_type '{data['row_address_type']}'. Must be an integer from 0 to 4."}), 400
+
             # Handle hardware settings
             for field in ['rows', 'cols', 'chain_length', 'parallel', 'brightness', 'hardware_mapping', 'scan_mode',
                          'pwm_bits', 'pwm_dither_bits', 'pwm_lsb_nanoseconds', 'limit_refresh_rate_hz',
-                         'led_rgb_sequence', 'multiplexing', 'panel_type']:
+                         'led_rgb_sequence', 'multiplexing', 'panel_type', 'row_address_type']:
                 if field in data:
                     if field in ['rows', 'cols', 'chain_length', 'parallel', 'brightness', 'scan_mode',
                                'pwm_bits', 'pwm_dither_bits', 'pwm_lsb_nanoseconds', 'limit_refresh_rate_hz',
-                               'multiplexing']:
+                               'multiplexing', 'row_address_type']:
                         current_config['display']['hardware'][field] = int(data[field])
                     else:
                         current_config['display']['hardware'][field] = data[field]
@@ -773,6 +896,46 @@ def save_main_config():
                     current_config['display']['dynamic_duration'] = {}
                 current_config['display']['dynamic_duration']['max_duration_seconds'] = int(data['max_dynamic_duration_seconds'])
 
+        # Handle double-sided display settings
+        double_sided_fields = ['double_sided_enabled', 'double_sided_copies', 'double_sided_axis']
+        if any(k in data for k in double_sided_fields):
+            if 'display' not in current_config:
+                current_config['display'] = {}
+            if 'double_sided' not in current_config['display']:
+                current_config['display']['double_sided'] = {}
+            ds_config = current_config['display']['double_sided']
+
+            # Enabled checkbox: omitted from the form when unchecked.
+            ds_config['enabled'] = _coerce_to_bool(data.get('double_sided_enabled'))
+
+            if 'double_sided_copies' in data and data['double_sided_copies'] not in ('', None):
+                try:
+                    copies = int(data['double_sided_copies'])
+                except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                    return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': "Double-sided copies must be an integer"}), 400
+                if not (2 <= copies <= 8):
+                    return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': "Double-sided copies must be between 2 and 8"}), 400
+                # Validate divisibility against the relevant hardware dimension.
+                # Use axis from this request if provided, else from stored config.
+                hw = current_config.get('display', {}).get('hardware', {})
+                effective_axis = (data.get('double_sided_axis')
+                                  or current_config.get('display', {}).get('double_sided', {}).get('axis', 'horizontal'))
+                if effective_axis == 'horizontal':
+                    chain_length = int(hw.get('chain_length', 2) or 2)
+                    if chain_length % copies != 0:
+                        return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': f"Double-sided copies ({copies}) must divide chain length ({chain_length}) evenly"}), 400
+                elif effective_axis == 'vertical':
+                    parallel = int(hw.get('parallel', 1) or 1)
+                    if parallel % copies != 0:
+                        return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': f"Double-sided copies ({copies}) must divide parallel ({parallel}) evenly"}), 400
+                ds_config['copies'] = copies
+
+            if 'double_sided_axis' in data:
+                axis = data['double_sided_axis']
+                if axis not in ('horizontal', 'vertical'):
+                    return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': "Double-sided axis must be 'horizontal' or 'vertical'"}), 400
+                ds_config['axis'] = axis
+
         # Handle Vegas scroll mode settings
         vegas_fields = ['vegas_scroll_enabled', 'vegas_scroll_speed', 'vegas_separator_width',
                        'vegas_target_fps', 'vegas_buffer_ahead', 'vegas_plugin_order', 'vegas_excluded_plugins']
@@ -1018,6 +1181,8 @@ def save_main_config():
                 continue
             if key in vegas_fields:
                 continue
+            if key in double_sided_fields:
+                continue
             # For any remaining keys (including plugin keys), use deep merge to preserve existing settings
             if key in current_config and isinstance(current_config[key], dict) and isinstance(data[key], dict):
                 # Deep merge to preserve existing settings
@@ -1461,7 +1626,7 @@ def execute_system_action():
                 # For on-demand modes, we would need to integrate with the display controller
                 # For now, just start the display service
                 try:
-                    result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'start', 'ledmatrix'],
+                    result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'start', 'ledmatrix.service'],
                                          capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=10)
                 except subprocess.TimeoutExpired as e:
                     logger.error("start_display (%s) timed out: %s", mode, e)
@@ -1478,16 +1643,16 @@ def execute_system_action():
                     resp['stderr'] = result.stderr.strip()
                 return jsonify(resp)
             else:
-                result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'start', 'ledmatrix'],
+                result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'start', 'ledmatrix.service'],
                                      capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=10)
         elif action == 'stop_display':
-            result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'stop', 'ledmatrix'],
+            result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'stop', 'ledmatrix.service'],
                                  capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=10)
         elif action == 'enable_autostart':
-            result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'enable', 'ledmatrix'],
+            result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'enable', 'ledmatrix.service'],
                                  capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=10)
         elif action == 'disable_autostart':
-            result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'disable', 'ledmatrix'],
+            result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'disable', 'ledmatrix.service'],
                                  capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=10)
         elif action == 'reboot_system':
             result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'reboot'],
@@ -1559,6 +1724,20 @@ def execute_system_action():
                     pull_message = f"Code updated successfully. Local changes were automatically stashed.{stash_info}"
                 if result.stdout and "Already up to date" not in result.stdout:
                     pull_message = f"Code updated successfully.{stash_info}"
+                # A `git pull` restores built-in plugins (committed under
+                # plugin-repos/) even if the user uninstalled them. Re-remove
+                # any the user previously uninstalled so the update doesn't
+                # resurrect them.
+                if api_v3.plugin_store_manager:
+                    try:
+                        purged = api_v3.plugin_store_manager.purge_uninstalled_plugins()
+                        if purged:
+                            logger.info(
+                                "Re-removed %d uninstalled plugin(s) restored by update: %s",
+                                len(purged), ", ".join(purged),
+                            )
+                    except (OSError, RuntimeError) as purge_err:
+                        logger.warning("Post-update plugin purge failed: %s", purge_err)
             else:
                 logger.warning("git pull failed (returncode=%d): %s", result.returncode, result.stderr)
                 pull_message = "Update failed; check logs for details"
@@ -1568,12 +1747,87 @@ def execute_system_action():
                 'message': pull_message,
             })
         elif action == 'restart_display_service':
-            result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'restart', 'ledmatrix'],
+            result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'restart', 'ledmatrix.service'],
                                  capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=10)
         elif action == 'restart_web_service':
             # Try to restart the web service (assuming it's ledmatrix-web.service)
-            result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'restart', 'ledmatrix-web'],
+            result = subprocess.run(['sudo', 'systemctl', 'restart', 'ledmatrix-web.service'],
                                  capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=10)
+        elif action == 'install_base_requirements':
+            req_file = PROJECT_ROOT / 'requirements.txt'
+            if not req_file.exists():
+                return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': 'No requirements.txt found at project root'})
+            result = _pip_install_requirements(req_file, timeout=120)
+            return jsonify({
+                'status': 'success' if result.returncode == 0 else 'error',
+                'message': 'Base requirements installed successfully' if result.returncode == 0 else 'pip install failed',
+                'output': _truncate_output(result.stdout, result.stderr)
+            })
+        elif action == 'install_plugin_requirements':
+            active_pm = getattr(api_v3, 'plugin_manager', None)
+            if active_pm:
+                plugins_dir = Path(active_pm.plugins_dir)
+            else:
+                _cm = getattr(api_v3, 'config_manager', None)
+                _cfg = _cm.load_config() if _cm else {}
+                _dir_name = _cfg.get('plugin_system', {}).get('plugins_directory', 'plugin-repos')
+                plugins_dir = Path(_dir_name) if os.path.isabs(_dir_name) else PROJECT_ROOT / _dir_name
+            results = []
+            if plugins_dir.exists():
+                for p in sorted(plugins_dir.iterdir()):
+                    req = p / 'requirements.txt'
+                    if p.is_dir() and req.exists():
+                        try:
+                            r = _pip_install_requirements(req, timeout=60)
+                            results.append({
+                                'plugin': p.name,
+                                'ok': r.returncode == 0,
+                                'output': _truncate_output(r.stdout, r.stderr)
+                            })
+                        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
+                            results.append({'plugin': p.name, 'ok': False, 'output': 'pip install timed out'})
+                        except OSError as exc:
+                            results.append({'plugin': p.name, 'ok': False, 'output': exc.strerror or 'OS error'})
+            ok_count = sum(1 for r in results if r['ok'])
+            all_ok = all(r['ok'] for r in results) if results else True
+            return jsonify({
+                'status': 'success' if all_ok else 'error',
+                'message': f'Processed {len(results)} plugin(s) — {ok_count} succeeded' if results else 'No plugin requirements.txt files found',
+                'details': results
+            })
+        elif action == 'force_git_reset':
+            if not _GIT:
+                return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': 'git not found on this system'}), 503
+            project_dir = str(PROJECT_ROOT)
+            fetch = subprocess.run(
+                [_GIT, 'fetch', 'origin'],
+                capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=30, cwd=project_dir
+            )
+            if fetch.returncode != 0:
+                return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': 'git fetch failed', 'output': fetch.stderr.strip()})
+            reset = subprocess.run(
+                [_GIT, 'reset', '--hard', 'origin/main'],
+                capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=30, cwd=project_dir
+            )
+            return jsonify({
+                'status': 'success' if reset.returncode == 0 else 'error',
+                'message': 'Reset to origin/main successfully' if reset.returncode == 0 else 'git reset failed',
+                'output': (reset.stdout + reset.stderr).strip()
+            })
+        elif action == 'clear_pycache':
+            cleared = 0
+            failed = 0
+            for d in PROJECT_ROOT.rglob('__pycache__'):
+                if d.is_dir():
+                    try:
+                        shutil.rmtree(d)
+                        cleared += 1
+                    except OSError:
+                        failed += 1
+            msg = f'Cleared {cleared} __pycache__ directories'
+            if failed:
+                msg += f' ({failed} could not be removed)'
+            return jsonify({'status': 'success', 'message': msg})
         else:
             return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': 'Unknown action'}), 400
 
@@ -1596,6 +1850,35 @@ def execute_system_action():
         logger.error("execute_system_action failed: %s", e, exc_info=True)
         return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': 'Action failed; see logs for details'}), 500
 
+@api_v3.route('/system/git-info', methods=['GET'])
+def get_git_info():
+    """Return branch, dirty state, recent commits and remote URL for the Tools tab."""
+    if not _GIT:
+        return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': 'git not found on this system'}), 503
+    d = str(PROJECT_ROOT)
+    try:
+        branch = subprocess.run([_GIT, 'branch', '--show-current'], capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=10, cwd=d)
+        if branch.returncode != 0:
+            return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': f'git branch failed: {branch.stderr.strip()}'}), 500
+
+        status = subprocess.run([_GIT, 'status', '--short', '--untracked-files=no'], capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=15, cwd=d)
+        if status.returncode != 0:
+            return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': f'git status failed: {status.stderr.strip()}'}), 500
+
+        log    = subprocess.run([_GIT, 'log', '--oneline', '-5'], capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=10, cwd=d)
+        remote = subprocess.run([_GIT, 'remote', 'get-url', 'origin'], capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=10, cwd=d)
+        return jsonify({
+            'branch': branch.stdout.strip(),
+            'dirty': bool(status.stdout.strip()),
+            'status': status.stdout.strip(),
+            'recent_commits': log.stdout.strip() if log.returncode == 0 else '',
+            'remote_url': _scrub_git_remote_url(remote.stdout.strip()) if remote.returncode == 0 else '',
+        })
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error("get_git_info failed: %s", e, exc_info=True)
+        return jsonify({'status': 'error', 'message': 'Failed to get git info'}), 500
+
+
 @api_v3.route('/hardware/status', methods=['GET'])
 def get_hardware_status():
     """Return LED matrix hardware initialization status written by display_manager at startup."""
@@ -2412,6 +2695,13 @@ def reconcile_plugin_state():
 
         from src.plugin_system.state_reconciliation import StateReconciliation
 
+        # Parse optional `force` flag from request body, guarding against
+        # non-dict bodies (bare string, array, null) that would raise AttributeError.
+        payload = request.get_json(silent=True)
+        if not isinstance(payload, dict):
+            payload = {}
+        force = _coerce_to_bool(payload.get('force', False))
+
         reconciler = StateReconciliation(
             state_manager=api_v3.plugin_state_manager,
             config_manager=api_v3.config_manager,
@@ -2419,7 +2709,7 @@ def reconcile_plugin_state():
             plugins_dir=Path(api_v3.plugin_manager.plugins_dir)
         )
 
-        result = reconciler.reconcile_state()
+        result = reconciler.reconcile_state(force=force)
 
         return success_response(
             data={
@@ -2846,6 +3136,96 @@ def update_plugin():
             status_code=500
         )
 
+def _do_transactional_uninstall(plugin_id, preserve_config):
+    """Execute an uninstall with snapshot-based rollback.
+
+    Order of operations:
+      1. Snapshot main config + secrets (abort on unexpected errors, proceed on expected I/O errors).
+      2. Clean up plugin config (abort with 500 if this raises — avoids orphaned files).
+      3. Unload plugin from runtime if loaded (rollback + 500 if this raises).
+      4. Remove plugin files (rollback + 500 if this returns False or raises).
+      5. Finish (remove state, invalidate caches).
+
+    Rollback restores the config snapshot and, if the plugin had been
+    loaded before unload, calls load_plugin to restore runtime state.
+
+    Returns (True, None) on success or (False, error_message) on failure.
+    """
+    from src.exceptions import ConfigError
+
+    # --- Step 1: snapshot main + secrets ---
+    main_snapshot = None
+    secrets_snapshot = None
+    try:
+        main_snapshot = api_v3.config_manager.get_raw_file_content('main')
+    except (OSError, ConfigError):
+        pass  # Proceed without snapshot; narrow catch preserves TypeError/AttributeError
+    try:
+        secrets_snapshot = api_v3.config_manager.get_raw_file_content('secrets')
+    except (OSError, ConfigError):
+        pass
+
+    # --- Step 2: cleanup config first (abort before touching filesystem) ---
+    if not preserve_config:
+        api_v3.config_manager.cleanup_plugin_config(plugin_id, remove_secrets=True)
+
+    # Record whether the plugin was running before we touch anything.
+    was_loaded = (
+        api_v3.plugin_manager is not None
+        and plugin_id in api_v3.plugin_manager.plugins
+    )
+
+    def _rollback(reload_plugin):
+        if main_snapshot is not None:
+            try:
+                api_v3.config_manager.save_raw_file_content('main', main_snapshot)
+            except Exception as restore_err:
+                logger.error("Failed to restore main config snapshot for %s: %s", plugin_id, restore_err)
+        if secrets_snapshot is not None:
+            try:
+                api_v3.config_manager.save_raw_file_content('secrets', secrets_snapshot)
+            except Exception as restore_err:
+                logger.error("Failed to restore secrets snapshot for %s: %s", plugin_id, restore_err)
+        if reload_plugin and api_v3.plugin_manager is not None:
+            try:
+                api_v3.plugin_manager.load_plugin(plugin_id)
+            except Exception as reload_err:
+                logger.error("Failed to reload plugin %s during rollback: %s", plugin_id, reload_err)
+
+    # --- Step 3: unload ---
+    if was_loaded:
+        try:
+            api_v3.plugin_manager.unload_plugin(plugin_id)
+        except Exception as unload_err:
+            _rollback(reload_plugin=False)  # unload failed — runtime state unchanged
+            return False, f"Failed to unload plugin {plugin_id}: {unload_err}"
+
+    # --- Step 4: remove files ---
+    try:
+        success = api_v3.plugin_store_manager.uninstall_plugin(plugin_id)
+    except Exception as remove_err:
+        _rollback(reload_plugin=was_loaded)
+        return False, f"Failed to remove plugin {plugin_id}: {remove_err}"
+
+    if not success:
+        _rollback(reload_plugin=was_loaded)
+        return False, f"Failed to uninstall plugin {plugin_id}"
+
+    # --- Step 5: finish ---
+    if api_v3.schema_manager:
+        api_v3.schema_manager.invalidate_cache(plugin_id)
+    if api_v3.plugin_state_manager:
+        api_v3.plugin_state_manager.remove_plugin_state(plugin_id)
+    # Persistently record the uninstall so a later core `git pull` update
+    # cannot resurrect a built-in plugin (committed under plugin-repos/) that
+    # the user removed. Best-effort: never fail the uninstall over this.
+    try:
+        api_v3.plugin_store_manager.record_uninstalled_plugin(plugin_id)
+    except Exception as record_err:
+        logger.warning("Could not record uninstall for %s: %s", plugin_id, record_err)
+    return True, None
+
+
 @api_v3.route('/plugins/uninstall', methods=['POST'])
 def uninstall_plugin():
     """Uninstall plugin"""
@@ -2865,19 +3245,13 @@ def uninstall_plugin():
         plugin_id = data['plugin_id']
         preserve_config = data.get('preserve_config', False)
 
-        # Use operation queue if available
+        # Both queued and direct paths use the same transactional helper so
+        # snapshot/rollback behaviour is consistent regardless of deployment.
         if api_v3.operation_queue:
             def uninstall_callback(operation):
-                """Callback to execute plugin uninstallation."""
-                # Unload the plugin first if it's loaded
-                if api_v3.plugin_manager and plugin_id in api_v3.plugin_manager.plugins:
-                    api_v3.plugin_manager.unload_plugin(plugin_id)
-
-                # Uninstall the plugin
-                success = api_v3.plugin_store_manager.uninstall_plugin(plugin_id)
-
+                """Callback to execute plugin uninstallation via transactional helper."""
+                success, error_msg = _do_transactional_uninstall(plugin_id, preserve_config)
                 if not success:
-                    error_msg = f'Failed to uninstall plugin {plugin_id}'
                     if api_v3.operation_history:
                         api_v3.operation_history.record_operation(
                             "uninstall",
@@ -2885,24 +3259,7 @@ def uninstall_plugin():
                             status="failed",
                             error=error_msg
                         )
-                    raise Exception(error_msg)
-
-                # Invalidate schema cache
-                if api_v3.schema_manager:
-                    api_v3.schema_manager.invalidate_cache(plugin_id)
-
-                # Clean up plugin configuration if not preserving
-                if not preserve_config:
-                    try:
-                        api_v3.config_manager.cleanup_plugin_config(plugin_id, remove_secrets=True)
-                    except Exception as cleanup_err:
-                        logger.warning("Failed to cleanup config after uninstall: %s", cleanup_err)
-
-                # Remove from state manager
-                if api_v3.plugin_state_manager:
-                    api_v3.plugin_state_manager.remove_plugin_state(plugin_id)
-
-                # Record in history
+                    raise Exception(error_msg or f'Failed to uninstall plugin {plugin_id}')
                 if api_v3.operation_history:
                     api_v3.operation_history.record_operation(
                         "uninstall",
@@ -2910,7 +3267,6 @@ def uninstall_plugin():
                         status="success",
                         details={"preserve_config": preserve_config}
                     )
-
                 return {'success': True, 'message': 'Plugin uninstalled successfully'}
 
             # Enqueue operation
@@ -2925,31 +3281,10 @@ def uninstall_plugin():
                 message='Plugin uninstallation queued'
             )
         else:
-            # Fallback to direct uninstall
-            # Unload the plugin first if it's loaded
-            if api_v3.plugin_manager and plugin_id in api_v3.plugin_manager.plugins:
-                api_v3.plugin_manager.unload_plugin(plugin_id)
-
-            # Uninstall the plugin
-            success = api_v3.plugin_store_manager.uninstall_plugin(plugin_id)
+            # Direct (non-queued) transactional uninstall
+            success, error_msg = _do_transactional_uninstall(plugin_id, preserve_config)
 
             if success:
-                # Invalidate schema cache
-                if api_v3.schema_manager:
-                    api_v3.schema_manager.invalidate_cache(plugin_id)
-
-                # Clean up plugin configuration if not preserving
-                if not preserve_config:
-                    try:
-                        api_v3.config_manager.cleanup_plugin_config(plugin_id, remove_secrets=True)
-                    except Exception as cleanup_err:
-                        logger.warning("Failed to cleanup config after uninstall: %s", cleanup_err)
-
-                # Remove from state manager
-                if api_v3.plugin_state_manager:
-                    api_v3.plugin_state_manager.remove_plugin_state(plugin_id)
-
-                # Record in history
                 if api_v3.operation_history:
                     api_v3.operation_history.record_operation(
                         "uninstall",
@@ -2957,7 +3292,6 @@ def uninstall_plugin():
                         status="success",
                         details={"preserve_config": preserve_config}
                     )
-
                 return success_response(message='Plugin uninstalled successfully')
             else:
                 if api_v3.operation_history:
@@ -2965,12 +3299,11 @@ def uninstall_plugin():
                         "uninstall",
                         plugin_id=plugin_id,
                         status="failed",
-                        error='Plugin uninstall failed'
+                        error=error_msg
                     )
-
                 return error_response(
                     ErrorCode.PLUGIN_UNINSTALL_FAILED,
-                    'Plugin uninstall failed',
+                    error_msg or 'Plugin uninstall failed',
                     status_code=500
                 )
 
@@ -3494,21 +3827,29 @@ def _get_schema_property(schema, key_path):
 
     parts = key_path.split('.')
     current = schema['properties']
+    i = 0
 
-    for i, part in enumerate(parts):
-        if part not in current:
-            return None
-
-        prop = current[part]
-
-        # If this is the last part, return the property
-        if i == len(parts) - 1:
-            return prop
-
-        # If this is an object with properties, navigate deeper
-        if isinstance(prop, dict) and 'properties' in prop:
-            current = prop['properties']
-        else:
+    while i < len(parts):
+        # Try progressively longer candidates, longest first, so schema keys that
+        # themselves contain dots (e.g. league keys like "fifa.world") are matched
+        # instead of being mistaken for nested "fifa" -> "world" objects.
+        matched = False
+        for j in range(len(parts), i, -1):
+            candidate = '.'.join(parts[i:j])
+            if isinstance(current, dict) and candidate in current:
+                prop = current[candidate]
+                # Consumed all remaining parts — this is the target property.
+                if j == len(parts):
+                    return prop
+                # Navigate deeper through an object with properties.
+                if isinstance(prop, dict) and 'properties' in prop:
+                    current = prop['properties']
+                    i = j
+                    matched = True
+                    break
+                # Matched a non-object before consuming the path — can't go deeper.
+                return None
+        if not matched:
             return None
 
     return None
@@ -3666,13 +4007,14 @@ def _parse_form_value_with_schema(value, key_path, schema):
                 except ValueError:
                     return prop.get('default', 0.0)
 
-        # Try parsing as number (fallback)
-        try:
-            if '.' in stripped:
-                return float(stripped)
-            return int(stripped)
-        except ValueError:
-            pass
+        # Try parsing as number (fallback) — skip when schema explicitly says string
+        if not (prop and prop.get('type') == 'string'):
+            try:
+                if '.' in stripped:
+                    return float(stripped)
+                return int(stripped)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
 
         # Return as string
         return value
@@ -3680,10 +4022,45 @@ def _parse_form_value_with_schema(value, key_path, schema):
     return value
 
 
+def _resolve_key_segments(key_path, config):
+    """Split a dot-notation path into segments, greedily preserving keys that
+    themselves contain dots (e.g. league keys like "fifa.world").
+
+    At each level the longest candidate that matches a key already present in the
+    config wins; otherwise the path splits on the next dot (the normal
+    nested-create case). Because dotted keys such as ``leagues."fifa.world"``
+    always exist in the saved config being updated, this routes the value to the
+    real league object instead of fabricating a ``leagues.fifa.world`` tree.
+    """
+    parts = key_path.split('.')
+    segments = []
+    node = config
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(parts):
+        matched = False
+        if isinstance(node, dict):
+            for j in range(len(parts), i, -1):
+                candidate = '.'.join(parts[i:j])
+                if candidate in node:
+                    segments.append(candidate)
+                    node = node[candidate]
+                    i = j
+                    matched = True
+                    break
+        if not matched:
+            part = parts[i]
+            segments.append(part)
+            node = node.get(part) if isinstance(node, dict) else None
+            i += 1
+    return segments
+
+
 def _set_nested_value(config, key_path, value):
     """
     Set a value in a nested dict using dot notation path.
     Handles existing nested dicts correctly by merging instead of replacing.
+    Keys containing dots (e.g. league keys like "fifa.world") are preserved when
+    they already exist in the config rather than being split into nested objects.
 
     Args:
         config: The config dict to modify
@@ -3693,22 +4070,22 @@ def _set_nested_value(config, key_path, value):
     # Skip setting if value is the sentinel
     if value is _SKIP_FIELD:
         return
-    
-    parts = key_path.split('.')
+
+    segments = _resolve_key_segments(key_path, config)
     current = config
 
     # Navigate/create intermediate dicts
-    for i, part in enumerate(parts[:-1]):
-        if part not in current:
-            current[part] = {}
-        elif not isinstance(current[part], dict):
+    for seg in segments[:-1]:
+        if seg not in current:
+            current[seg] = {}
+        elif not isinstance(current[seg], dict):
             # If the existing value is not a dict, replace it with a dict
-            current[part] = {}
-        current = current[part]
+            current[seg] = {}
+        current = current[seg]
 
     # Set the final value (don't overwrite with empty dict if value is None and we want to preserve structure)
-    if value is not None or parts[-1] not in current:
-        current[parts[-1]] = value
+    if value is not None or segments[-1] not in current:
+        current[segments[-1]] = value
 
 
 def _set_missing_booleans_to_false(config, schema_props, form_keys, prefix='', config_node=None):
@@ -4217,7 +4594,9 @@ def save_plugin_config():
                             nested_dict = config_dict.get(prop_key)
 
                         if isinstance(nested_dict, dict):
-                            fix_array_structures(nested_dict, prop_schema['properties'], nested_prefix)
+                            # Pass no prefix: config_dict is already the navigated sub-dict,
+                            # so path segments from the parent would mis-navigate it.
+                            fix_array_structures(nested_dict, prop_schema['properties'])
 
             # Also ensure array fields that are None get converted to empty arrays
             def ensure_array_defaults(config_dict, schema_props, prefix=''):
@@ -4277,7 +4656,8 @@ def save_plugin_config():
                                 nested_dict = config_dict[prop_key]
 
                         if isinstance(nested_dict, dict):
-                            ensure_array_defaults(nested_dict, prop_schema['properties'], nested_prefix)
+                            # Pass no prefix: config_dict is already navigated.
+                            ensure_array_defaults(nested_dict, prop_schema['properties'])
 
             if schema and 'properties' in schema:
                 # First, fix any dict structures that should be arrays
@@ -4325,6 +4705,49 @@ def save_plugin_config():
         if 'application/json' in content_type:
             schema = schema_mgr.load_schema(plugin_id, use_cache=False)
 
+        # JSON path: fix numeric-keyed dicts that should be arrays.
+        # JS dotToNested() converts feeds.custom_feeds.0.name → {'0': {name:...}}
+        # instead of [{name:...}]. The form-data path has fix_array_structures for this;
+        # mirror that logic here for JSON submissions.
+        if 'application/json' in content_type and schema and 'properties' in schema:
+            def _fix_json_arrays(cfg, props):
+                for k, ps in props.items():
+                    if not isinstance(cfg, dict) or k not in cfg:
+                        continue
+                    pt = ps.get('type')
+                    val = cfg[k]
+                    if pt == 'array':
+                        items_schema = ps.get('items', {})
+                        item_type = items_schema.get('type')
+                        if isinstance(val, dict):
+                            keys = list(val.keys())
+                            if keys and all(str(x).isdigit() for x in keys):
+                                sorted_keys = sorted(keys, key=lambda x: int(str(x)))
+                                arr = [val[sk] for sk in sorted_keys]
+                                if item_type in ('integer', 'number'):
+                                    converted = []
+                                    for v in arr:
+                                        if isinstance(v, str):
+                                            try:
+                                                converted.append(int(v) if item_type == 'integer' else float(v))
+                                            except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                                                converted.append(v)
+                                        else:
+                                            converted.append(v)
+                                    arr = converted
+                                cfg[k] = arr
+                            elif not keys:
+                                cfg[k] = []
+                        # Recurse into each element when items are objects with properties,
+                        # covering both freshly-converted and already-list values.
+                        if item_type == 'object' and 'properties' in items_schema:
+                            for elem in (cfg[k] if isinstance(cfg[k], list) else []):
+                                if isinstance(elem, dict):
+                                    _fix_json_arrays(elem, items_schema['properties'])
+                    elif pt == 'object' and 'properties' in ps and isinstance(val, dict):
+                        _fix_json_arrays(val, ps['properties'])
+            _fix_json_arrays(plugin_config, schema['properties'])
+
         # PRE-PROCESSING: Preserve 'enabled' state if not in request
         # This prevents overwriting the enabled state when saving config from a form that doesn't include the toggle
         if 'enabled' not in plugin_config:
@@ -4377,6 +4800,21 @@ def save_plugin_config():
             defaults = schema_mgr.generate_default_config(plugin_id, use_cache=True)
             plugin_config = schema_mgr.merge_with_defaults(plugin_config, defaults)
 
+        # After merging defaults, replace any None array values with their schema defaults.
+        # merge_with_defaults gives user config higher priority, so a None submitted by
+        # the client can survive the merge — this pass cleans those up.
+        def _fix_none_arrays(cfg, props):
+            for k, pschema in props.items():
+                if pschema.get('type') == 'array':
+                    if isinstance(cfg, dict) and (k not in cfg or cfg[k] is None):
+                        cfg[k] = pschema.get('default', [])
+                elif pschema.get('type') == 'object' and 'properties' in pschema:
+                    if isinstance(cfg, dict) and isinstance(cfg.get(k), dict):
+                        _fix_none_arrays(cfg[k], pschema['properties'])
+
+        if schema and 'properties' in schema and isinstance(plugin_config, dict):
+            _fix_none_arrays(plugin_config, schema['properties'])
+
         # Ensure enabled state is preserved after defaults merge
         # Defaults should not overwrite an explicitly preserved enabled value
         if preserved_enabled is not None:

web_interface/blueprints/pages_v3.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from flask import Blueprint, render_template, flash
+from jinja2 import TemplateNotFound
 from markupsafe import escape
 import json
 import logging
@@ -90,6 +91,8 @@ def load_partial(partial_name):
             return _load_cache_partial()
         elif partial_name == 'operation-history':
             return _load_operation_history_partial()
+        elif partial_name == 'tools':
+            return _load_tools_partial()
         else:
             return "Partial not found", 404
 
@@ -448,6 +451,18 @@ def _load_operation_history_partial():
         return "Error loading partial", 500
 
 
+def _load_tools_partial():
+    """Load tools/utilities partial."""
+    try:
+        return render_template('v3/partials/tools.html')
+    except TemplateNotFound:
+        logger.error("[Pages V3][Tools] Template not found: v3/partials/tools.html", exc_info=True)
+        return "[Pages V3][Tools] Template is missing.", 500
+    except OSError as exc:
+        logger.error("[Pages V3][Tools] I/O error loading tools partial: %s", exc, exc_info=True)
+        return "[Pages V3][Tools] Failed to load due to a file system error. Check logs.", 500
+
+
 def _load_plugin_config_partial(plugin_id):
     """
     Load plugin configuration partial - server-side rendered form.

web_interface/static/v3/app.css

@@ -84,6 +84,8 @@
 [data-theme="dark"] .hover\:text-gray-700:hover { color: #e5e7eb; }
 [data-theme="dark"] .hover\:border-gray-300:hover { border-color: #6b7280; }
 [data-theme="dark"] .bg-red-100 { background-color: #450a0a; }
+[data-theme="dark"] .bg-yellow-100 { background-color: #422006; }
+[data-theme="dark"] .bg-green-100 { background-color: #022c22; }
 [data-theme="dark"] .text-red-700 { color: #fca5a5; }
 [data-theme="dark"] .hover\:bg-red-200:hover { background-color: #7f1d1d; }
 
@@ -137,6 +139,14 @@ body {
 .text-green-600 { color: #059669; }
 .text-red-600 { color: #dc2626; }
 
+/* Status badge chips (e.g. tools.html's dirty/clean and power-status badges) */
+.bg-red-100 { background-color: #fee2e2; }
+.bg-yellow-100 { background-color: #fef9c3; }
+.bg-green-100 { background-color: #dcfce7; }
+.text-red-800 { color: #991b1b; }
+.text-yellow-800 { color: #854d0e; }
+.text-green-800 { color: #166534; }
+
 .border-gray-200 { border-color: #e5e7eb; }
 .border-gray-300 { border-color: #d1d5db; }
 .border-gray-700 { border-color: #374151; }
@@ -1040,3 +1050,26 @@ button.bg-white {
 [data-theme="dark"] .update-banner-dismiss {
     color: #93c5fd;
 }
+
+/* Under-voltage / throttling warning banner */
+.power-warning-banner {
+    background-color: #fef2f2;
+    border-color: #fecaca;
+    color: #991b1b;
+}
+.power-warning-banner-dismiss {
+    color: #991b1b;
+    opacity: 0.6;
+}
+.power-warning-banner-dismiss:hover {
+    opacity: 1;
+}
+
+[data-theme="dark"] .power-warning-banner {
+    background-color: #450a0a;
+    border-color: #7f1d1d;
+    color: #fca5a5;
+}
+[data-theme="dark"] .power-warning-banner-dismiss {
+    color: #fca5a5;
+}

web_interface/static/v3/js/widgets/array-table.js

@@ -174,11 +174,16 @@
         cell.style.verticalAlign = 'middle';
 
         if (colType === 'boolean') {
-            // Boolean: hidden sentinel + visible checkbox
+            // Boolean: hidden sentinel + visible checkbox, same `name` (so
+            // unchecked boxes still submit "false"). Keep the hidden's value
+            // synced to the checkbox at all times — some form-collection
+            // paths prefer whichever of the two same-named inputs comes
+            // first/last in the DOM, and a stale hidden value previously
+            // caused this field to silently revert to false on every save.
             const hidden = document.createElement('input');
             hidden.type  = 'hidden';
             hidden.name  = inputName;
-            hidden.value = 'false';
+            hidden.value = String(Boolean(colValue));
             cell.appendChild(hidden);
 
             const cb = document.createElement('input');
@@ -187,6 +192,9 @@
             cb.checked   = Boolean(colValue);
             cb.value     = 'true';
             cb.className = 'h-4 w-4 text-blue-600';
+            cb.addEventListener('change', () => {
+                hidden.value = String(cb.checked);
+            });
             cell.appendChild(cb);
 
         } else if (colType === 'integer' || colType === 'number') {
@@ -440,7 +448,7 @@
                 <h3 class="text-base font-semibold text-gray-900">Advanced Properties</h3>
                 <button type="button" onclick="window.closeArrayTableRowEditor()"
                         class="text-gray-400 hover:text-gray-600"><i class="fas fa-times"></i></button>
-            </div>`;
+            </div>`);
 
         const body = document.createElement('div');
         body.className = 'px-5 py-4 space-y-4';
@@ -512,7 +520,7 @@
             <button type="button" onclick="window.closeArrayTableRowEditor()"
                     class="px-4 py-2 text-sm text-gray-700 border border-gray-300 rounded-md hover:bg-gray-100">Cancel</button>
             <button type="button" id="array-row-editor-save"
-                    class="px-4 py-2 text-sm bg-blue-600 hover:bg-blue-700 text-white rounded-md">Save</button>`;
+                    class="px-4 py-2 text-sm bg-blue-600 hover:bg-blue-700 text-white rounded-md">Save</button>`);
 
         // Save handler
         footer.querySelector('#array-row-editor-save').onclick = function() {

web_interface/static/v3/js/widgets/custom-feeds.js

@@ -54,15 +54,18 @@
                 const logoIdInput = row.querySelector('input[name*=".logo.id"]');
                 
                 if (nameInput && urlInput) {
-                    feeds.push({
+                    const feedObj = {
                         name: nameInput.value,
                         url: urlInput.value,
-                        enabled: enabledInput ? enabledInput.checked : true,
-                        logo: logoPathInput || logoIdInput ? {
+                        enabled: enabledInput ? enabledInput.checked : true
+                    };
+                    if (logoPathInput || logoIdInput) {
+                        feedObj.logo = {
                             path: logoPathInput ? logoPathInput.value : '',
                             id: logoIdInput ? logoIdInput.value : ''
-                        } : null
-                    });
+                        };
+                    }
+                    feeds.push(feedObj);
                 }
             });
             

web_interface/templates/v3/base.html

@@ -352,15 +352,14 @@
                         }
                     });
 
-                    // Set data-loaded on tab containers after HTMX settles their content,
-                    // preventing repeated re-fetches on every tab switch.
-                    // Scoped to elements with hx-trigger="revealed" (tab containers only) so
-                    // modals and plugin config panels that legitimately reload are unaffected.
+                    // Mark tab containers as loaded once their content settles, so switching
+                    // away and back doesn't re-fetch. Scoped to the "loadtab" trigger (tab
+                    // containers only) so modals and plugin config panels can still reload.
                     document.body.addEventListener('htmx:afterSettle', function(event) {
                         if (event.detail && event.detail.target) {
                             var target = event.detail.target;
                             var trigger = target.getAttribute('hx-trigger') || '';
-                            if (trigger.includes('revealed')) {
+                            if (trigger.includes('loadtab')) {
                                 target.setAttribute('data-loaded', 'true');
                             }
                         }
@@ -867,7 +866,7 @@
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.0.0/css/all.min.css">
 
     <!-- Custom v3 styles -->
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='v3/app.css') }}?v=20260216b">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='v3/app.css') }}">
 </head>
 <body x-data="app()" class="bg-gray-50 min-h-screen">
     <!-- Header -->
@@ -914,6 +913,10 @@
                             <i class="fas fa-thermometer-half"></i>
                             <span>--°C</span>
                         </span>
+                        <span id="power-stat" class="hidden items-center space-x-1" title="">
+                            <i class="fas fa-bolt"></i>
+                            <span>Power</span>
+                        </span>
                     </div>
                 </div>
             </div>
@@ -948,6 +951,27 @@
         </div>
     </div>
 
+    <!-- Under-voltage / throttling warning banner -->
+    <div id="power-warning-banner" style="display:none"
+         class="power-warning-banner border-b transition-all duration-300 ease-in-out">
+        <div class="mx-auto px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8 xl:px-12 2xl:px-16 py-2" style="max-width:100%">
+            <div class="flex items-center justify-between">
+                <div class="flex items-center space-x-3">
+                    <i class="fas fa-exclamation-triangle text-lg"></i>
+                    <span class="text-sm font-medium" id="power-warning-banner-text"
+                          aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
+                        A power/thermal issue detected right now — the display may flicker or degrade. Check your power supply and cooling.
+                    </span>
+                </div>
+                <button type="button" onclick="dismissPowerWarningBanner()"
+                        class="power-warning-banner-dismiss rounded p-1 transition-colors duration-150"
+                        title="Dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss power warning">
+                    <i class="fas fa-times text-sm"></i>
+                </button>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
     <!-- Main content -->
     <main class="mx-auto px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8 xl:px-12 2xl:px-16 py-8" style="max-width: 100%;">
         <!-- Navigation tabs -->
@@ -1010,6 +1034,11 @@
                             class="nav-tab">
                         <i class="fas fa-history"></i>Operation History
                     </button>
+                    <button @click="activeTab = 'tools'"
+                            :class="activeTab === 'tools' ? 'nav-tab-active' : ''"
+                            class="nav-tab">
+                        <i class="fas fa-tools"></i>Tools
+                    </button>
                 </nav>
             </div>
 
@@ -1030,7 +1059,7 @@
         <div id="tab-content" class="space-y-6">
             <!-- Overview tab -->
             <div x-show="activeTab === 'overview'" x-transition>
-                <div id="overview-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/overview" hx-trigger="revealed" hx-swap="innerHTML" hx-on::htmx:response-error="loadOverviewDirect()">
+                <div id="overview-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/overview" hx-trigger="loadtab" hx-swap="innerHTML" hx-on::htmx:response-error="loadOverviewDirect()">
                     <div class="animate-pulse">
                         <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
                             <div class="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded w-1/4 mb-4"></div>
@@ -1098,7 +1127,7 @@
 
             <!-- General tab -->
             <div x-show="activeTab === 'general'" x-transition>
-                <div id="general-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/general" hx-trigger="revealed" hx-swap="innerHTML">
+                <div id="general-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/general" hx-trigger="loadtab" hx-swap="innerHTML">
                     <div class="animate-pulse">
                         <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
                             <div class="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded w-1/4 mb-4"></div>
@@ -1116,7 +1145,7 @@
             <div x-show="activeTab === 'wifi'" x-transition>
                 <div id="wifi-content" 
                      hx-get="/v3/partials/wifi" 
-                     hx-trigger="revealed" 
+                     hx-trigger="loadtab" 
                      hx-swap="innerHTML"
                      hx-on::htmx:response-error="loadWifiDirect()">
                     <div class="animate-pulse">
@@ -1167,7 +1196,7 @@
 
             <!-- Schedule tab -->
             <div x-show="activeTab === 'schedule'" x-transition>
-                <div id="schedule-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/schedule" hx-trigger="revealed" hx-swap="innerHTML">
+                <div id="schedule-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/schedule" hx-trigger="loadtab" hx-swap="innerHTML">
                     <div class="animate-pulse">
                         <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
                             <div class="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded w-1/4 mb-4"></div>
@@ -1183,7 +1212,7 @@
 
             <!-- Display tab -->
             <div x-show="activeTab === 'display'" x-transition>
-                <div id="display-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/display" hx-trigger="revealed" hx-swap="innerHTML">
+                <div id="display-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/display" hx-trigger="loadtab" hx-swap="innerHTML">
                     <div class="animate-pulse">
                         <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
                             <div class="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded w-1/4 mb-4"></div>
@@ -1198,7 +1227,7 @@
 
             <!-- Backup & Restore tab -->
             <div x-show="activeTab === 'backup-restore'" x-transition>
-                <div id="backup-restore-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/backup-restore" hx-trigger="revealed" hx-swap="innerHTML">
+                <div id="backup-restore-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/backup-restore" hx-trigger="loadtab" hx-swap="innerHTML">
                     <div class="animate-pulse">
                         <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
                             <div class="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded w-1/4 mb-4"></div>
@@ -1210,7 +1239,7 @@
 
             <!-- Config Editor tab -->
             <div x-show="activeTab === 'config-editor'" x-transition>
-                <div id="config-editor-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/raw-json" hx-trigger="revealed" hx-swap="innerHTML">
+                <div id="config-editor-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/raw-json" hx-trigger="loadtab" hx-swap="innerHTML">
                     <div class="animate-pulse">
                         <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
                             <div class="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded w-1/4 mb-4"></div>
@@ -1225,7 +1254,7 @@
 
             <!-- Plugins tab -->
             <div x-show="activeTab === 'plugins'" x-transition>
-                <div id="plugins-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/plugins" hx-trigger="revealed" hx-swap="innerHTML"
+                <div id="plugins-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/plugins" hx-trigger="loadtab" hx-swap="innerHTML"
                      hx-on::response-error="loadPluginsDirect()">
                     <div class="animate-pulse">
                         <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
@@ -1242,7 +1271,7 @@
 
             <!-- Fonts tab -->
             <div x-show="activeTab === 'fonts'" x-transition>
-                <div id="fonts-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/fonts" hx-trigger="revealed" hx-swap="innerHTML">
+                <div id="fonts-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/fonts" hx-trigger="loadtab" hx-swap="innerHTML">
                     <div class="animate-pulse">
                         <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
                             <div class="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded w-1/4 mb-4"></div>
@@ -1257,7 +1286,7 @@
 
             <!-- Logs tab -->
             <div x-show="activeTab === 'logs'" x-transition>
-                <div id="logs-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/logs" hx-trigger="revealed" hx-swap="innerHTML">
+                <div id="logs-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/logs" hx-trigger="loadtab" hx-swap="innerHTML">
                     <div class="animate-pulse">
                         <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
                             <div class="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded w-1/4 mb-4"></div>
@@ -1269,7 +1298,7 @@
 
             <!-- Cache tab -->
             <div x-show="activeTab === 'cache'" x-transition>
-                <div id="cache-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/cache" hx-trigger="revealed" hx-swap="innerHTML">
+                <div id="cache-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/cache" hx-trigger="loadtab" hx-swap="innerHTML">
                     <div class="animate-pulse">
                         <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
                             <div class="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded w-1/4 mb-4"></div>
@@ -1281,7 +1310,7 @@
 
             <!-- Operation History tab -->
             <div x-show="activeTab === 'operation-history'" x-transition>
-                <div id="operation-history-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/operation-history" hx-trigger="revealed" hx-swap="innerHTML">
+                <div id="operation-history-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/operation-history" hx-trigger="loadtab" hx-swap="innerHTML">
                     <div class="animate-pulse">
                         <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
                             <div class="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded w-1/4 mb-4"></div>
@@ -1291,6 +1320,18 @@
                 </div>
             </div>
 
+            <!-- Tools tab -->
+            <div x-show="activeTab === 'tools'" x-transition>
+                <div id="tools-content" hx-get="/v3/partials/tools" hx-trigger="loadtab" hx-swap="innerHTML">
+                    <div class="animate-pulse">
+                        <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
+                            <div class="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded w-1/4 mb-4"></div>
+                            <div class="h-32 bg-gray-200 rounded"></div>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+
             <!-- Dynamic Plugin Tabs - HTMX Lazy Loading -->
             <!-- 
                 Architecture: Server-side rendered plugin configuration forms
@@ -1429,6 +1470,89 @@
         window.statsSource.addEventListener('error', window._statsErrorHandler);
         window.displaySource.addEventListener('error', window._displayErrorHandler);
 
+        // Reset any time the currently-active warning clears, so a future
+        // (new) occurrence shows the banner again even if this one was dismissed.
+        window._powerWarningDismissed = false;
+
+        window.dismissPowerWarningBanner = function() {
+            const banner = document.getElementById('power-warning-banner');
+            if (banner) banner.style.display = 'none';
+            window._powerWarningDismissed = true;
+        };
+
+        // Labels for whichever flags from _get_power_status() are set (pass
+        // suffix='_occurred' for the "happened earlier" variant), used to
+        // build accurate banner/tooltip text instead of hardcoding
+        // "under-voltage" for what may actually be throttling/freq-capping/
+        // thermal limiting.
+        function _activePowerConditionLabels(power, suffix) {
+            suffix = suffix || '_now';
+            const labels = [];
+            if (power['under_voltage' + suffix]) labels.push('under-voltage');
+            if (power['throttled' + suffix]) labels.push('throttling');
+            if (power['freq_capped' + suffix]) labels.push('CPU frequency capped');
+            if (power['soft_temp_limit' + suffix]) labels.push('soft thermal limit');
+            return labels;
+        }
+
+        function updatePowerStatus(power) {
+            const statEl = document.getElementById('power-stat');
+            const banner = document.getElementById('power-warning-banner');
+            const bannerText = document.getElementById('power-warning-banner-text');
+
+            if (!power) {
+                if (statEl) statEl.classList.add('hidden');
+                if (banner) {
+                    banner.style.display = 'none';
+                    // Let a future occurrence show the banner again rather
+                    // than leaving stale text/visibility from before this
+                    // (likely transient) missing-data tick.
+                    window._powerWarningDismissed = false;
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+
+            const activeNow = power.under_voltage_now || power.throttled_now ||
+                power.freq_capped_now || power.soft_temp_limit_now;
+            const occurredEarlier = power.under_voltage_occurred || power.throttled_occurred ||
+                power.freq_capped_occurred || power.soft_temp_limit_occurred;
+
+            if (statEl) {
+                statEl.classList.remove('text-red-600', 'text-yellow-600');
+                if (activeNow) {
+                    statEl.classList.remove('hidden');
+                    statEl.classList.add('flex', 'text-red-600');
+                    statEl.title = _activePowerConditionLabels(power).join('/') +
+                        ' detected right now — check your power supply and cooling';
+                } else if (occurredEarlier) {
+                    statEl.classList.remove('hidden');
+                    statEl.classList.add('flex', 'text-yellow-600');
+                    const occurredLabels = _activePowerConditionLabels(power, '_occurred');
+                    statEl.title = (occurredLabels.length ? occurredLabels.join('/') : 'An issue') +
+                        ' was detected earlier (currently OK)';
+                } else {
+                    statEl.classList.add('hidden');
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (banner) {
+                if (activeNow) {
+                    if (bannerText) {
+                        const labels = _activePowerConditionLabels(power);
+                        bannerText.textContent = (labels.length ? labels.join('/') : 'A power/thermal issue') +
+                            ' detected right now — the display may flicker or degrade. Check your power supply and cooling.';
+                    }
+                    if (!window._powerWarningDismissed) {
+                        banner.style.display = '';
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    banner.style.display = 'none';
+                    // Let a future occurrence show the banner again.
+                    window._powerWarningDismissed = false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         function updateSystemStats(data) {
             // Update CPU in header
             const cpuEl = document.getElementById('cpu-stat');
@@ -1451,6 +1575,9 @@
                 if (spans.length > 0) spans[spans.length - 1].textContent = data.cpu_temp + '°C';
             }
 
+            // Update Power (under-voltage / throttling) status in header + banner
+            updatePowerStatus(data.power);
+
             // Update Overview tab stats (if visible)
             const cpuUsageEl = document.getElementById('cpu-usage');
             if (cpuUsageEl && data.cpu_percent !== undefined) {
@@ -1861,28 +1988,69 @@
                 },
 
                 loadTabContent(tab) {
-                    // Try to load content for the active tab
-                    if (typeof htmx !== 'undefined') {
-                        const contentId = tab + '-content';
-                        const contentEl = document.getElementById(contentId);
-                        if (contentEl && !contentEl.hasAttribute('data-loaded')) {
-                            // Trigger HTMX load
-                            htmx.trigger(contentEl, 'revealed');
+                    const contentEl = document.getElementById(tab + '-content');
+                    // data-loaded: already fetched. data-loading: a fetch is queued or in
+                    // flight. Both guard against re-entry so a panel loads exactly once, even
+                    // if the tab is reopened before an in-progress (or polling) load settles.
+                    if (!contentEl || contentEl.hasAttribute('data-loaded') || contentEl.hasAttribute('data-loading')) return;
+                    const url = contentEl.getAttribute('hx-get');
+                    if (!url) return;
+
+                    contentEl.setAttribute('data-loading', 'true');
+
+                    // htmx.ajax issues the request and swaps the response into the panel
+                    // directly, so it works even before htmx has wired up the element's
+                    // hx-trigger listeners. data-loaded is stamped on success so the panel
+                    // loads once; the activeTab check drops loads for a tab the user navigated
+                    // away from while htmx was still loading (avoids fetching hidden panels).
+                    const swap = contentEl.getAttribute('hx-swap') || 'innerHTML';
+                    const load = () => {
+                        if (this.activeTab !== tab || contentEl.hasAttribute('data-loaded')) {
+                            contentEl.removeAttribute('data-loading');
+                            return;
                         }
-                    } else {
-                        // HTMX is still loading asynchronously — retry when it signals ready,
-                        // or fall back to direct fetch if it fails to load entirely.
-                        const self = this;
-                        function onReady() { window.removeEventListener('htmx-load-failed', onFailed); self.loadTabContent(tab); }
-                        function onFailed() {
-                            window.removeEventListener('htmx:ready', onReady);
+                        return htmx.ajax('GET', url, { target: contentEl, swap: swap })
+                            .then(() => contentEl.setAttribute('data-loaded', 'true'))
+                            .catch(() => {}) // leave unstamped on failure so it can retry
+                            .finally(() => contentEl.removeAttribute('data-loading'));
+                    };
+
+                    if (typeof htmx !== 'undefined') {
+                        load();
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    // htmx is loaded from a CDN and may not be ready yet. Poll until it is,
+                    // then load; if it never arrives, fall back to a direct fetch.
+                    let tries = 0;
+                    const timer = setInterval(() => {
+                        if (typeof htmx !== 'undefined') {
+                            clearInterval(timer);
+                            load();
+                        } else if (++tries > 100) { // ~10s
+                            clearInterval(timer);
+                            contentEl.removeAttribute('data-loading');
                             if (tab === 'overview' && typeof loadOverviewDirect === 'function') loadOverviewDirect();
                             else if (tab === 'wifi' && typeof loadWifiDirect === 'function') loadWifiDirect();
                             else if (tab === 'plugins' && typeof loadPluginsDirect === 'function') loadPluginsDirect();
+                            else if (tab === 'tools') {
+                                fetch('/v3/partials/tools')
+                                    .then(r => {
+                                        if (!r.ok) throw new Error(r.status + ' ' + r.statusText);
+                                        return r.text();
+                                    })
+                                    .then(html => {
+                                        contentEl.innerHTML = html;
+                                        contentEl.setAttribute('data-loaded', 'true');
+                                        if (window.Alpine) window.Alpine.initTree(contentEl);
+                                    })
+                                    .catch(err => {
+                                        console.error('Failed to load tools content:', err);
+                                        contentEl.innerHTML = '<div class="bg-red-50 border border-red-200 rounded-lg p-4"><p class="text-red-800">Failed to load Tools. Please refresh the page.</p></div>';
+                                    });
+                            }
                         }
-                        window.addEventListener('htmx:ready', onReady, { once: true });
-                        window.addEventListener('htmx-load-failed', onFailed, { once: true });
-                    }
+                    }, 100);
                 },
 
                 async loadInstalledPlugins() {

web_interface/templates/v3/partials/display.html

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
                            name="chain_length"
                            value="{{ main_config.display.hardware.chain_length or 2 }}"
                            min="1"
-                           max="8"
+                           max="24"
                            class="form-control">
                     <p class="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-600">Number of LED panels chained together</p>
                 </div>
@@ -166,6 +166,18 @@
                     </select>
                     <p class="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-600">Special panel chipset initialization (use Standard unless your panel requires it)</p>
                 </div>
+
+                <div class="form-group">
+                    <label for="row_address_type" class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700">Row Address Type</label>
+                    <select id="row_address_type" name="row_address_type" class="form-control">
+                        <option value="0" {% if main_config.display.hardware.get('row_address_type', 0)|int == 0 %}selected{% endif %}>0 - Default</option>
+                        <option value="1" {% if main_config.display.hardware.get('row_address_type', 0)|int == 1 %}selected{% endif %}>1 - AB-addressed panels</option>
+                        <option value="2" {% if main_config.display.hardware.get('row_address_type', 0)|int == 2 %}selected{% endif %}>2 - Row direct</option>
+                        <option value="3" {% if main_config.display.hardware.get('row_address_type', 0)|int == 3 %}selected{% endif %}>3 - ABC-addressed panels</option>
+                        <option value="4" {% if main_config.display.hardware.get('row_address_type', 0)|int == 4 %}selected{% endif %}>4 - ABC Shift + DE direct</option>
+                    </select>
+                    <p class="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-600">Row addressing scheme — leave at Default (0) unless your panel requires a specific type</p>
+                </div>
             </div>
 
             <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-3 gap-4">
@@ -258,6 +270,48 @@
             </div>
         </div>
 
+        <!-- Double-Sided Display -->
+        <div class="bg-gray-50 rounded-lg p-4">
+            <h3 class="text-md font-medium text-gray-900 mb-1">Double-Sided Display</h3>
+            <p class="text-sm text-gray-600 mb-4">Show the same content on every panel in the chain &mdash; e.g. two 64&times;32 panels mirrored, or four panels as two identical screens. Rendered once and duplicated, so it adds no extra CPU. Takes effect after a display restart.</p>
+
+            <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-3 gap-4">
+                <div class="form-group">
+                    <label class="flex items-center gap-2">
+                        <input type="checkbox"
+                               id="double_sided_enabled"
+                               name="double_sided_enabled"
+                               value="true"
+                               {% if main_config.display.get('double_sided', {}).get('enabled') %}checked{% endif %}
+                               class="form-control h-4 w-4 text-blue-600 focus:ring-blue-500 border-gray-300 rounded">
+                        <span class="text-sm font-medium text-gray-700">Enabled</span>
+                    </label>
+                    <p class="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-600">Mirror one screen across all panels.</p>
+                </div>
+
+                <div class="form-group">
+                    <label for="double_sided_copies" class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700">Copies</label>
+                    <input type="number"
+                           id="double_sided_copies"
+                           name="double_sided_copies"
+                           value="{{ main_config.display.get('double_sided', {}).get('copies', 2) }}"
+                           min="2"
+                           max="8"
+                           class="form-control">
+                    <p class="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-600">Number of identical screens. Must divide the panel evenly.</p>
+                </div>
+
+                <div class="form-group">
+                    <label for="double_sided_axis" class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700">Split Axis</label>
+                    <select id="double_sided_axis" name="double_sided_axis" class="form-control">
+                        <option value="horizontal" {% if main_config.display.get('double_sided', {}).get('axis', 'horizontal') == 'horizontal' %}selected{% endif %}>Horizontal &mdash; chained panels (side by side)</option>
+                        <option value="vertical" {% if main_config.display.get('double_sided', {}).get('axis', 'horizontal') == 'vertical' %}selected{% endif %}>Vertical &mdash; parallel chains (stacked)</option>
+                    </select>
+                    <p class="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-600">Horizontal splits the chain; vertical splits parallel outputs.</p>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+
         <!-- Display Options -->
         <div class="bg-gray-50 rounded-lg p-4">
             <h3 class="text-md font-medium text-gray-900 mb-4">Display Options</h3>

web_interface/templates/v3/partials/plugin_config.html

@@ -450,15 +450,16 @@
                                             </div>
                                         </td>
                                         <td class="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap text-center">
-                                            <input type="hidden" name="{{ full_key }}.{{ item_index }}.enabled" value="false">
-                                            <input type="checkbox" 
+                                            <input type="hidden" name="{{ full_key }}.{{ item_index }}.enabled" value="{{ 'true' if item.get('enabled', true) else 'false' }}">
+                                            <input type="checkbox"
                                                    name="{{ full_key }}.{{ item_index }}.enabled"
                                                    {% if item.get('enabled', true) %}checked{% endif %}
                                                    value="true"
+                                                   onchange="this.previousElementSibling.value = this.checked ? 'true' : 'false'"
                                                    class="h-4 w-4 text-blue-600">
                                         </td>
                                         <td class="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap text-center">
-                                            <button type="button" 
+                                            <button type="button"
                                                     onclick="removeCustomFeedRow(this)"
                                                     class="text-red-600 hover:text-red-800 px-2 py-1">
                                                 <i class="fas fa-trash"></i>
@@ -549,11 +550,18 @@
                                         {% else %}{% set td_min_w = '110px' %}{% endif %}
                                         <td class="px-3 py-3 whitespace-nowrap" style="min-width:{{ td_min_w }};vertical-align:middle">
                                             {% if col_type == 'boolean' %}
-                                                <input type="hidden" name="{{ full_key }}.{{ item_index }}.{{ col_name }}" value="false">
+                                                {# Hidden sentinel ensures unchecked boxes still submit "false" (browsers
+                                                   omit unchecked checkboxes entirely). It shares the checkbox's `name`,
+                                                   so it must always mirror the checkbox's actual state — both here at
+                                                   render time and on every toggle — or whichever of the two same-named
+                                                   inputs the save request happens to prefer can silently revert this
+                                                   field to false regardless of what's checked. #}
+                                                <input type="hidden" name="{{ full_key }}.{{ item_index }}.{{ col_name }}" value="{{ 'true' if col_value else 'false' }}">
                                                 <input type="checkbox"
                                                        name="{{ full_key }}.{{ item_index }}.{{ col_name }}"
                                                        {% if col_value %}checked{% endif %}
                                                        value="true"
+                                                       onchange="this.previousElementSibling.value = this.checked ? 'true' : 'false'"
                                                        class="h-4 w-4 text-blue-600">
                                             {% elif col_type == 'integer' or col_type == 'number' %}
                                                 <input type="number"

web_interface/templates/v3/partials/tools.html

@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+<div class="space-y-6" id="tools-root">
+
+    <!-- Git & Updates -->
+    <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
+        <div class="border-b border-gray-200 pb-4 mb-6">
+            <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold text-gray-900">Git &amp; Updates</h2>
+            <p class="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-600">Inspect the current git state and pull or reset to the latest remote code.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <!-- Git status info -->
+        <div id="git-info-panel" class="mb-6 bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 rounded-lg p-4 text-sm">
+            <div class="animate-pulse text-gray-400">Loading git info…</div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="space-y-4">
+            <!-- Pull latest -->
+            <div class="flex items-start justify-between gap-4">
+                <div>
+                    <p class="text-sm font-medium text-gray-900">Pull latest (rebase)</p>
+                    <p class="text-xs text-gray-500 mt-0.5">Stashes any local changes, then runs <code class="bg-gray-100 px-1 rounded">git pull --rebase</code>. The stash is preserved but not re-applied.</p>
+                </div>
+                <button id="btn-git-pull" onclick="toolsAction('git_pull', 'btn-git-pull', 'result-git-pull')"
+                        class="shrink-0 inline-flex items-center px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 text-sm font-medium rounded-md text-gray-700 bg-white hover:bg-gray-50">
+                    <i class="fas fa-download mr-2"></i>Pull Latest
+                </button>
+            </div>
+            <div id="result-git-pull" class="hidden"></div>
+
+            <!-- Force reset -->
+            <div class="flex items-start justify-between gap-4 pt-4 border-t border-gray-100">
+                <div>
+                    <p class="text-sm font-medium text-gray-900">Force reset to <code class="bg-gray-100 px-1 rounded">origin/main</code></p>
+                    <p class="text-xs text-gray-500 mt-0.5">Runs <code class="bg-gray-100 px-1 rounded">git fetch origin</code> then <code class="bg-gray-100 px-1 rounded">git reset --hard origin/main</code>. Discards all local changes.</p>
+                </div>
+                <div class="shrink-0 flex flex-col items-end gap-2">
+                    <button id="btn-force-reset-confirm" onclick="showForceResetConfirm()"
+                            class="inline-flex items-center px-3 py-2 border border-red-300 text-sm font-medium rounded-md text-red-700 bg-white hover:bg-red-50">
+                        <i class="fas fa-exclamation-triangle mr-2"></i>Force Reset…
+                    </button>
+                    <div id="force-reset-confirm-row" class="hidden flex items-center gap-2">
+                        <span class="text-xs text-red-700 font-medium">This discards all local changes. Sure?</span>
+                        <button onclick="toolsAction('force_git_reset', 'btn-force-reset-confirm', 'result-force-reset'); hideForceResetConfirm()"
+                                class="inline-flex items-center px-3 py-2 border border-transparent text-sm font-medium rounded-md text-white bg-red-600 hover:bg-red-700">
+                            Yes, reset
+                        </button>
+                        <button onclick="hideForceResetConfirm()"
+                                class="inline-flex items-center px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 text-sm font-medium rounded-md text-gray-700 bg-white hover:bg-gray-50">
+                            Cancel
+                        </button>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            <div id="result-force-reset" class="hidden"></div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- Python Dependencies -->
+    <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
+        <div class="border-b border-gray-200 pb-4 mb-6">
+            <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold text-gray-900">Python Dependencies</h2>
+            <p class="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-600">Re-run <code class="bg-gray-100 px-1 rounded">pip install</code> to fix missing or broken packages.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="space-y-4">
+            <!-- Base requirements -->
+            <div class="flex items-start justify-between gap-4">
+                <div>
+                    <p class="text-sm font-medium text-gray-900">Reinstall base requirements</p>
+                    <p class="text-xs text-gray-500 mt-0.5">Installs from <code class="bg-gray-100 px-1 rounded">requirements.txt</code> in the project root.</p>
+                </div>
+                <button id="btn-base-reqs" onclick="toolsAction('install_base_requirements', 'btn-base-reqs', 'result-base-reqs', true)"
+                        class="shrink-0 inline-flex items-center px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 text-sm font-medium rounded-md text-gray-700 bg-white hover:bg-gray-50">
+                    <i class="fas fa-box mr-2"></i>Reinstall Base
+                </button>
+            </div>
+            <div id="result-base-reqs" class="hidden"></div>
+
+            <!-- Plugin requirements -->
+            <div class="flex items-start justify-between gap-4 pt-4 border-t border-gray-100">
+                <div>
+                    <p class="text-sm font-medium text-gray-900">Reinstall plugin requirements</p>
+                    <p class="text-xs text-gray-500 mt-0.5">Runs <code class="bg-gray-100 px-1 rounded">pip install</code> for every installed plugin that has a <code class="bg-gray-100 px-1 rounded">requirements.txt</code>.</p>
+                </div>
+                <button id="btn-plugin-reqs" onclick="toolsAction('install_plugin_requirements', 'btn-plugin-reqs', 'result-plugin-reqs', false, true)"
+                        class="shrink-0 inline-flex items-center px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 text-sm font-medium rounded-md text-gray-700 bg-white hover:bg-gray-50">
+                    <i class="fas fa-puzzle-piece mr-2"></i>Reinstall Plugin Deps
+                </button>
+            </div>
+            <div id="result-plugin-reqs" class="hidden"></div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- Maintenance -->
+    <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
+        <div class="border-b border-gray-200 pb-4 mb-6">
+            <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold text-gray-900">Maintenance</h2>
+            <p class="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-600">Housekeeping operations that don't affect config or plugins.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="space-y-4">
+            <div class="flex items-start justify-between gap-4">
+                <div>
+                    <p class="text-sm font-medium text-gray-900">Clear Python cache</p>
+                    <p class="text-xs text-gray-500 mt-0.5">Deletes all <code class="bg-gray-100 px-1 rounded">__pycache__</code> directories in the project. Useful after switching branches or debugging import issues.</p>
+                </div>
+                <button id="btn-clear-pycache" onclick="toolsAction('clear_pycache', 'btn-clear-pycache', 'result-clear-pycache')"
+                        class="shrink-0 inline-flex items-center px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 text-sm font-medium rounded-md text-gray-700 bg-white hover:bg-gray-50">
+                    <i class="fas fa-broom mr-2"></i>Clear Cache
+                </button>
+            </div>
+            <div id="result-clear-pycache" class="hidden"></div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- Power Supply Diagnostics -->
+    <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
+        <div class="border-b border-gray-200 pb-4 mb-6">
+            <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold text-gray-900">Power Supply</h2>
+            <p class="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-600">Raspberry Pi under-voltage/throttling status (via <code class="bg-gray-100 px-1 rounded">vcgencmd get_throttled</code>). A marginal power supply is a common cause of visible flicker or dimming on LED panels.</p>
+        </div>
+        <div id="power-info-panel" class="text-sm">
+            <div class="animate-pulse text-gray-400">Waiting for live stats…</div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- Services -->
+    <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow p-6">
+        <div class="border-b border-gray-200 pb-4 mb-6">
+            <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold text-gray-900">Services</h2>
+            <p class="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-600">Quick access to service restarts.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="space-y-4">
+            <div class="flex items-start justify-between gap-4">
+                <div>
+                    <p class="text-sm font-medium text-gray-900">Restart display service</p>
+                    <p class="text-xs text-gray-500 mt-0.5">Restarts <code class="bg-gray-100 px-1 rounded">ledmatrix.service</code>.</p>
+                </div>
+                <button id="btn-restart-display" onclick="toolsAction('restart_display_service', 'btn-restart-display', 'result-restart-display')"
+                        class="shrink-0 inline-flex items-center px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 text-sm font-medium rounded-md text-gray-700 bg-white hover:bg-gray-50">
+                    <i class="fas fa-sync-alt mr-2"></i>Restart Display
+                </button>
+            </div>
+            <div id="result-restart-display" class="hidden"></div>
+
+            <div class="flex items-start justify-between gap-4 pt-4 border-t border-gray-100">
+                <div>
+                    <p class="text-sm font-medium text-gray-900">Restart web interface</p>
+                    <p class="text-xs text-gray-500 mt-0.5">Restarts <code class="bg-gray-100 px-1 rounded">ledmatrix-web.service</code>. The page will go offline briefly.</p>
+                </div>
+                <button id="btn-restart-web" onclick="toolsAction('restart_web_service', 'btn-restart-web', 'result-restart-web')"
+                        class="shrink-0 inline-flex items-center px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 text-sm font-medium rounded-md text-gray-700 bg-white hover:bg-gray-50">
+                    <i class="fas fa-globe mr-2"></i>Restart Web
+                </button>
+            </div>
+            <div id="result-restart-web" class="hidden"></div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+</div>
+
+<script>
+(function () {
+    // ── helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    function setBusy(btnId, busy) {
+        const btn = document.getElementById(btnId);
+        if (!btn) return;
+        btn.disabled = busy;
+        btn.style.opacity = busy ? '0.6' : '';
+        btn.style.cursor  = busy ? 'wait' : '';
+        const icon = btn.querySelector('i');
+        if (icon) {
+            if (busy) {
+                icon.dataset.origClass = icon.className;
+                icon.className = 'fas fa-spinner fa-spin mr-2';
+            } else if (icon.dataset.origClass) {
+                icon.className = icon.dataset.origClass;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    function showResult(resultId, ok, message, output, pluginDetails) {
+        const el = document.getElementById(resultId);
+        if (!el) return;
+        el.classList.remove('hidden');
+
+        const color = ok ? 'green' : 'red';
+        const icon  = ok ? 'fa-check-circle' : 'fa-times-circle';
+
+        let html = `
+            <div class="mt-3 rounded-md p-3 bg-${color}-50 border border-${color}-200">
+                <div class="flex items-start gap-2">
+                    <i class="fas ${icon} text-${color}-600 mt-0.5"></i>
+                    <span class="text-sm text-${color}-800">${escHtml(message)}</span>
+                </div>`;
+
+        if (output) {
+            html += `
+                <details class="mt-2">
+                    <summary class="text-xs text-${color}-700 cursor-pointer hover:underline">Show output</summary>
+                    <pre class="mt-2 text-xs bg-gray-900 text-gray-100 rounded p-3 overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap">${escHtml(output)}</pre>
+                </details>`;
+        }
+
+        if (pluginDetails && pluginDetails.length > 0) {
+            html += `<ul class="mt-3 space-y-1">`;
+            for (const d of pluginDetails) {
+                const dc = d.ok ? 'green' : 'red';
+                const di = d.ok ? 'fa-check' : 'fa-times';
+                html += `<li class="text-xs flex items-start gap-1">
+                    <i class="fas ${di} text-${dc}-600 mt-0.5 w-3"></i>
+                    <span class="text-gray-700">${escHtml(d.plugin)}</span>`;
+                if (d.output) {
+                    html += ` <details class="inline"><summary class="cursor-pointer text-gray-400 hover:underline ml-1">output</summary>
+                        <pre class="mt-1 text-xs bg-gray-900 text-gray-100 rounded p-2 overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap">${escHtml(d.output)}</pre></details>`;
+                }
+                html += `</li>`;
+            }
+            html += `</ul>`;
+        }
+
+        html += `</div>`;
+        el.innerHTML = html;
+    }
+
+    function escHtml(s) {
+        return String(s || '').replace(/&/g,'&amp;').replace(/</g,'&lt;').replace(/>/g,'&gt;').replace(/"/g,'&quot;');
+    }
+
+    // ── main action dispatcher ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    window.toolsAction = function(action, btnId, resultId, showOutput, showPluginDetails) {
+        setBusy(btnId, true);
+        const el = document.getElementById(resultId);
+        if (el) el.classList.add('hidden');
+
+        fetch('/api/v3/system/action', {
+            method: 'POST',
+            headers: {'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
+            body: JSON.stringify({action})
+        })
+        .then(r => {
+            if (!r.ok) {
+                return r.json()
+                    .then(d => Promise.reject(new Error(d.message || `HTTP ${r.status}`)))
+                    .catch(() => Promise.reject(new Error(`HTTP ${r.status}`)));
+            }
+            return r.json();
+        })
+        .then(data => {
+            const ok = data.status === 'success';
+            showResult(
+                resultId, ok,
+                data.message || (ok ? 'Done' : 'Failed'),
+                showOutput ? (data.output || '') : '',
+                showPluginDetails ? (data.details || []) : null
+            );
+        })
+        .catch(err => {
+            showResult(resultId, false, 'Request failed: ' + err.message);
+        })
+        .finally(() => setBusy(btnId, false));
+    };
+
+    // ── force-reset confirm helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    window.showForceResetConfirm = function() {
+        document.getElementById('force-reset-confirm-row').classList.remove('hidden');
+        document.getElementById('btn-force-reset-confirm').classList.add('hidden');
+    };
+
+    window.hideForceResetConfirm = function() {
+        document.getElementById('force-reset-confirm-row').classList.add('hidden');
+        document.getElementById('btn-force-reset-confirm').classList.remove('hidden');
+    };
+
+    // ── git info panel ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    function loadGitInfo() {
+        const panel = document.getElementById('git-info-panel');
+        if (!panel) return;
+
+        fetch('/api/v3/system/git-info')
+            .then(r => {
+                if (!r.ok) return r.json().then(d => Promise.reject(d.message || `HTTP ${r.status}`));
+                return r.json();
+            })
+            .then(d => {
+                if (d.status === 'error') {
+                    panel.innerHTML = `<span class="text-sm text-red-600">${escHtml(d.message || 'Git info unavailable.')}</span>`;
+                    return;
+                }
+
+
+                const dirtyBadge = d.dirty
+                    ? '<span class="inline-flex items-center px-2 py-0.5 rounded text-xs font-medium bg-yellow-100 text-yellow-800">dirty</span>'
+                    : '<span class="inline-flex items-center px-2 py-0.5 rounded text-xs font-medium bg-green-100 text-green-800">clean</span>';
+
+                let html = `<div class="space-y-2">
+                    <div class="flex items-center gap-2">
+                        <i class="fas fa-code-branch text-gray-400"></i>
+                        <span class="font-mono text-gray-800">${escHtml(d.branch || 'unknown')}</span>
+                        ${dirtyBadge}
+                    </div>`;
+
+                if (d.dirty && d.status) {
+                    html += `<pre class="text-xs bg-yellow-50 border border-yellow-200 rounded p-2 overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap text-yellow-900">${escHtml(d.status)}</pre>`;
+                }
+
+                if (d.recent_commits) {
+                    html += `<div class="mt-2">
+                        <p class="text-xs text-gray-500 mb-1">Recent commits</p>
+                        <pre class="text-xs bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 rounded p-2 overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap text-gray-700">${escHtml(d.recent_commits)}</pre>
+                    </div>`;
+                }
+
+                if (d.remote_url) {
+                    html += `<p class="text-xs text-gray-400 mt-1"><i class="fas fa-cloud mr-1"></i>${escHtml(d.remote_url)}</p>`;
+                }
+
+                html += `</div>`;
+                panel.innerHTML = html;
+            })
+            .catch(err => {
+                panel.innerHTML = `<span class="text-sm text-red-600">Could not load git info: ${escHtml(String(err))}</span>`;
+            });
+    }
+
+    // ── power supply diagnostics panel ────────────────────────────────────────
+    // Reuses the same SSE stream (window.statsSource, set up in base.html)
+    // that already drives the header badge/banner and Overview card, instead
+    // of polling a separate endpoint.
+
+    const FLAG_LABELS = [
+        ['under_voltage_now', 'Under-voltage (right now)'],
+        ['throttled_now', 'Throttled (right now)'],
+        ['freq_capped_now', 'ARM frequency capped (right now)'],
+        ['soft_temp_limit_now', 'Soft temperature limit active (right now)'],
+        ['under_voltage_occurred', 'Under-voltage occurred (since boot)'],
+        ['throttled_occurred', 'Throttled occurred (since boot)'],
+        ['freq_capped_occurred', 'ARM frequency capped occurred (since boot)'],
+        ['soft_temp_limit_occurred', 'Soft temperature limit occurred (since boot)'],
+    ];
+
+    function renderPowerInfo(power) {
+        const panel = document.getElementById('power-info-panel');
+        if (!panel) return;
+
+        if (!power) {
+            panel.innerHTML = '<span class="text-gray-500">Not available on this platform (no <code class="bg-gray-100 px-1 rounded">vcgencmd</code> found — this isn\'t a Raspberry Pi, or it\'s not on PATH).</span>';
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const activeNow = power.under_voltage_now || power.throttled_now ||
+            power.freq_capped_now || power.soft_temp_limit_now;
+        const occurredEarlier = power.under_voltage_occurred || power.throttled_occurred ||
+            power.freq_capped_occurred || power.soft_temp_limit_occurred;
+        const summaryColor = activeNow ? 'red' : (occurredEarlier ? 'yellow' : 'green');
+        // _activePowerConditionLabels is defined in base.html's inline script;
+        // both are classic (non-module) scripts sharing the global scope.
+        const activeLabels = (typeof _activePowerConditionLabels === 'function')
+            ? _activePowerConditionLabels(power) : [];
+        const summaryText = activeNow
+            ? `Actively ${activeLabels.length ? activeLabels.join('/') : 'under-voltage/throttled'} right now`
+            : (occurredEarlier ? 'OK right now (but occurred earlier this boot)' : 'OK — no issues detected');
+
+        let html = `
+            <div class="flex items-center gap-2 mb-3">
+                <span class="inline-flex items-center px-2 py-0.5 rounded text-xs font-medium bg-${summaryColor}-100 text-${summaryColor}-800">
+                    <i class="fas fa-bolt mr-1"></i>${escHtml(summaryText)}
+                </span>
+            </div>
+            <ul class="space-y-1">`;
+        for (const [key, label] of FLAG_LABELS) {
+            const set = !!power[key];
+            html += `<li class="flex items-center gap-2">
+                <i class="fas ${set ? 'fa-exclamation-circle text-red-500' : 'fa-check text-green-500'} w-4"></i>
+                <span class="text-gray-700">${escHtml(label)}</span>
+            </li>`;
+        }
+        html += `</ul>`;
+
+        if (activeNow || occurredEarlier) {
+            html += `<p class="mt-3 text-xs text-gray-500">Consider a higher-amperage 5V supply wired directly to the panel(s), or check for a loose power connector. See the README's Power Supply section for sizing guidance.</p>`;
+        }
+
+        panel.innerHTML = html;
+    }
+
+    if (window.statsSource) {
+        window.statsSource.addEventListener('message', function(event) {
+            try {
+                const data = JSON.parse(event.data);
+                if (data && 'power' in data) renderPowerInfo(data.power);
+            } catch (e) { /* ignore malformed frames */ }
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Load on first render; HTMX will have already swapped us in by this point.
+    loadGitInfo();
+})();
+</script>