LEDMatrix/src/plugin_system/plugin_loader.py

"""
Plugin Loader

Handles plugin module imports, dependency installation, and class instantiation.
Extracted from PluginManager to improve separation of concerns.
"""

import importlib
import importlib.metadata
import importlib.util
import json
import os
import sys
import subprocess
import threading
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Dict, Any, List, Optional, Tuple, Type
import logging

from packaging.requirements import InvalidRequirement, Requirement

from src.exceptions import PluginError
from src.logging_config import get_logger


def requirements_has_real_deps(requirements_file: str) -> bool:
    """
    Check whether a requirements.txt actually specifies anything to install.

    Plugins that ship all their dependencies with LEDMatrix core often keep a
    requirements.txt where every line is commented out, for documentation
    purposes only. Running pip against such a file still pays the full
    subprocess/resolver cost for zero effect, so callers should skip the
    install step entirely when this returns False.
    """
    try:
        with open(requirements_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as fh:
            for line in fh:
                line = line.strip()
                if line and not line.startswith('#'):
                    return True
    except OSError:
        # Let the caller's own file handling report the error.
        return True
    return False


def _extra_dependencies(dist_name: str, extras) -> Optional[List[Requirement]]:
    """Dependencies a distribution declares *only* behind the given extras.

    Returns None when the installed metadata cannot be read or parsed, so the
    caller can fall back to running pip rather than assuming anything.
    """
    try:
        meta = importlib.metadata.metadata(dist_name)
    except importlib.metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
        return None

    gated: List[Requirement] = []
    for raw in meta.get_all('Requires-Dist') or []:
        try:
            dep = Requirement(raw)
        except InvalidRequirement:
            return None
        if dep.marker is None:
            continue
        # Keep only what the distribution gates behind an extra we asked for:
        # satisfied when `extra` is that name, but not when no extra is
        # requested. A marker that holds either way (python_version, sys_platform)
        # belongs to the base install and is already covered by the version check.
        if dep.marker.evaluate({'extra': ''}):
            continue
        if any(dep.marker.evaluate({'extra': extra}) for extra in extras):
            gated.append(dep)
    return gated


def _extras_are_satisfied(req: Requirement, _visited: Optional[set] = None) -> bool:
    """Check the dependencies pulled in by req's extras are installed.

    Follows extras through nested extras. A gated dependency can itself request
    one (`requests[socks]`), and checking only that `requests` is installed at
    an acceptable version says nothing about whether the socks extra's own
    dependency is there -- so the caller would skip pip and the plugin would
    fail at import instead. Plain dependencies are still checked one level
    deep, which is all that is needed to tell "the extra was installed" from
    "the extra was never installed".

    `_visited` carries the (distribution, extras) pairs already seen, so a
    dependency cycle between extras terminates instead of recursing forever.
    Anything unreadable returns False, so the caller still falls through to pip.
    """
    if _visited is None:
        _visited = set()
    marker = (req.name.lower(), frozenset(e.lower() for e in req.extras))
    if marker in _visited:
        # Already accounted for higher up the chain; treating a cycle as
        # satisfied here is safe because the outer frame still has to pass.
        return True
    _visited.add(marker)

    gated = _extra_dependencies(req.name, req.extras)
    if gated is None:
        return False

    for dep in gated:
        try:
            dep_version = importlib.metadata.version(dep.name)
        except importlib.metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
            return False
        if dep.specifier and not dep.specifier.contains(dep_version, prereleases=True):
            return False
        if dep.extras and not _extras_are_satisfied(dep, _visited):
            return False
    return True


def requirements_are_satisfied(requirements_file: str) -> bool:
    """
    Check whether every real requirement line in requirements.txt is already
    satisfied by packages installed in the current interpreter.

    This replaces marker-file tracking with a direct fact check, so it's
    immune to stale/missing/corrupted markers: it looks at what's actually
    importable right now rather than trusting a hash comparison from a
    previous run. Anything ambiguous (pip options, unparseable lines,
    extras, unresolvable versions) conservatively returns False so the
    caller falls through to running pip — this check only ever saves work,
    never masks a real install.
    """
    try:
        with open(requirements_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as fh:
            lines = fh.readlines()
    except OSError:
        return False

    for raw_line in lines:
        line = raw_line.strip()
        if not line or line.startswith('#'):
            continue
        if line.startswith('-'):
            return False  # pip option (-r, --index-url, ...), can't verify

        try:
            req = Requirement(line)
        except InvalidRequirement:
            return False

        if req.marker is not None and not req.marker.evaluate():
            continue  # not applicable on this platform/interpreter

        try:
            installed_version = importlib.metadata.version(req.name)
        except importlib.metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
            return False

        if req.specifier and not req.specifier.contains(installed_version, prereleases=True):
            return False

        if req.extras and not _extras_are_satisfied(req):
            return False

    return True


def find_trusted_subdir(trusted_dir: str, name: str) -> Optional[str]:
    """Return `name` if it names an actual subdirectory of trusted_dir, else None.

    Used as a containment check for a directory name derived from untrusted
    input (a manifest-declared plugin id, an externally-supplied plugin
    path): the returned value always comes from enumerating trusted_dir
    itself via os.scandir(), so a caller that builds a path by joining
    trusted_dir with this return value is joining against a name the
    filesystem produced under a trusted root -- not the caller's original
    string, which could otherwise smuggle a traversal sequence through.
    """
    try:
        with os.scandir(trusted_dir) as entries:
            for entry in entries:
                if entry.name == name and entry.is_dir():
                    return entry.name
    except OSError:
        pass
    return None


class PluginLoader:
    """Handles plugin module loading and class instantiation."""

    def __init__(self, logger: Optional[logging.Logger] = None) -> None:
        """
        Initialize the plugin loader.

        Args:
            logger: Optional logger instance
        """
        self.logger = logger or get_logger(__name__)
        self._loaded_modules: Dict[str, Any] = {}
        self._plugin_module_registry: Dict[str, set] = {}  # Maps plugin_id to set of module names
        # Lock to serialize module loading when plugins share module names
        # (e.g., scroll_display.py, game_renderer.py across sport plugins).
        # During exec_module, bare-name sub-modules temporarily appear in
        # sys.modules; the lock prevents concurrent plugins from seeing each
        # other's entries.  After exec_module, _namespace_plugin_modules
        # moves those bare names to namespaced keys (e.g.
        # _plg_basketball_scoreboard_scroll_display) so they never collide.
        self._module_load_lock = threading.Lock()
    
    def find_plugin_directory(
        self,
        plugin_id: str,
        plugins_dir: Path,
        plugin_directories: Optional[Dict[str, Path]] = None
    ) -> Optional[Path]:
        """
        Find the plugin directory for a given plugin ID.
        
        Tries multiple strategies:
        1. Use plugin_directories mapping if available
        2. Direct path matching
        3. Case-insensitive directory matching
        4. Manifest-based search
        
        Args:
            plugin_id: Plugin identifier
            plugins_dir: Base plugins directory
            plugin_directories: Optional mapping of plugin_id to directory
            
        Returns:
            Path to plugin directory or None if not found
        """
        # Sanitize plugin_id — os.path.basename is a CodeQL-recognized path sanitizer
        plugin_id = os.path.basename(plugin_id or '')
        if not plugin_id:
            return None

        # Strategy 1: Use mapping from discovery
        if plugin_directories and plugin_id in plugin_directories:
            plugin_dir = plugin_directories[plugin_id]
            if plugin_dir.exists():
                self.logger.debug("Using plugin directory from discovery mapping: %s", plugin_dir)
                return plugin_dir
        
        # Strategy 2: Direct paths — resolve and validate they stay within plugins_dir
        plugins_dir_resolved = plugins_dir.resolve()
        for _candidate_name in (plugin_id, f"ledmatrix-{plugin_id}"):
            _candidate = (plugins_dir_resolved / _candidate_name).resolve()
            try:
                _candidate.relative_to(plugins_dir_resolved)
            except ValueError:
                continue
            if _candidate.exists():
                return _candidate
        
        # Strategy 3: Case-insensitive search
        normalized_id = plugin_id.lower()
        for item in plugins_dir.iterdir():
            if not item.is_dir():
                continue
            
            item_name = item.name
            if item_name.lower() == normalized_id:
                return item
            
            if item_name.lower() == f"ledmatrix-{plugin_id}".lower():
                return item
        
        # Strategy 4: Manifest-based search
        self.logger.debug("Directory name search failed for %s, searching by manifest...", plugin_id)
        for item in plugins_dir.iterdir():
            if not item.is_dir():
                continue
            
            # Skip if already checked
            if item.name.lower() == normalized_id or item.name.lower() == f"ledmatrix-{plugin_id}".lower():
                continue
            
            manifest_path = item / "manifest.json"
            if manifest_path.exists():
                try:
                    with open(manifest_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                        item_manifest = json.load(f)
                        item_manifest_id = item_manifest.get('id')
                        if item_manifest_id == plugin_id:
                            self.logger.info(
                                "Found plugin %s in directory %s (manifest ID matches)",
                                plugin_id,
                                item.name
                            )
                            return item
                except (json.JSONDecodeError, Exception) as e:
                    self.logger.debug("Skipping %s due to manifest error: %s", item.name, e)
                    continue

        return None

    def install_dependencies(
        self,
        plugin_dir: Path,
        plugin_id: str,
        plugins_dir: Path,
        timeout: int = 300
    ) -> bool:
        """
        Install plugin dependencies from requirements.txt.

        Args:
            plugin_dir: Plugin directory path
            plugin_id: Plugin identifier
            plugins_dir: Trusted base plugins directory for path containment check.
                Required (not optional) so every caller reconstructs the plugin
                path through the sanitiser below rather than trusting plugin_dir
                directly -- CodeQL's path-injection query (and a malicious
                manifest/plugin_id in practice) can't tell a legitimate
                plugin_dir from one crafted to traverse outside plugins_dir.
            timeout: Installation timeout in seconds

        Returns:
            True if dependencies installed or not needed, False on error
        """
        plugin_id = os.path.basename(plugin_id or '')
        if not plugin_id:
            return False

        # Resolve to a canonical absolute path (normalises .. and symlinks)
        plugin_dir_real = os.path.realpath(str(plugin_dir))
        plugins_dir_real = os.path.realpath(str(plugins_dir))
        requested_name = os.path.basename(plugin_dir_real)

        # Match the requested directory against an entry actually enumerated
        # from the trusted plugins_dir, and build the path from that entry --
        # not from requested_name. A name that came out of os.scandir() on a
        # trusted root carries no taint regardless of what the caller asked
        # for, so this is a real containment guarantee (an allowlist check
        # against a trusted source), not a string-sanitisation of untrusted
        # input that a static analyzer has to trust blindly.
        matched_name = find_trusted_subdir(plugins_dir_real, requested_name)
        if matched_name is None:
            self.logger.error(
                "Plugin directory for %s not found inside plugins dir", plugin_id
            )
            return False

        safe_plugin_dir = os.path.join(plugins_dir_real, matched_name)
        requirements_file = os.path.join(safe_plugin_dir, "requirements.txt")

        if not os.path.isfile(requirements_file):
            return True  # No dependencies needed

        if not requirements_has_real_deps(requirements_file):
            self.logger.debug(
                "requirements.txt for %s has no real dependencies (comments/blank only), skipping pip",
                plugin_id
            )
            return True

        if requirements_are_satisfied(requirements_file):
            self.logger.debug(
                "Dependencies for %s already satisfied in current environment, skipping pip",
                plugin_id
            )
            return True

        try:
            self.logger.info("Installing dependencies for plugin %s...", plugin_id)
            result = subprocess.run(
                [sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "install", "--break-system-packages", "-r", requirements_file],
                capture_output=True,
                text=True,
                timeout=timeout,
                check=False
            )

            if result.returncode == 0:
                self.logger.info("Dependencies installed successfully for %s", plugin_id)
                return True
            else:
                stderr = result.stderr or ""
                # uninstall-no-record-file means a system-managed copy of a package
                # (e.g. apt's python3-requests, which ships no pip RECORD file) is in
                # the way of the version this requirements.txt pins. Retry with
                # --ignore-installed so pip lays the pinned version down alongside
                # the system copy instead of trying to replace it — matching the
                # retry already used by install_dependencies_apt.py / safe_pip_install.sh.
                # Without this retry, the plugin would silently keep running against
                # whatever version the system happened to ship.
                if "uninstall-no-record-file" in stderr:
                    self.logger.warning(
                        "Dependencies for %s conflict with a system-managed package "
                        "(no pip RECORD); retrying with --ignore-installed: %s",
                        plugin_id, stderr.strip()
                    )
                    # Wrapped in its own try/except so a retry timeout is
                    # tolerated the same way as a retry failure, instead of
                    # propagating to the outer handler and returning False
                    # (which would contradict the "assume satisfied" fallback
                    # below).
                    try:
                        # sys.executable is this process's own interpreter (not
                        # attacker-influenced), and requirements_file is a path
                        # built internally by find_plugin_directory, never raw
                        # external input.
                        retry_result = subprocess.run(  # nosec B603 - no shell invoked (list-form argv)  # nosemgrep
                            [sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "install", "--break-system-packages",
                             "--ignore-installed", "-r", requirements_file],
                            capture_output=True,
                            text=True,
                            timeout=timeout,
                            check=False
                        )
                        if retry_result.returncode != 0:
                            self.logger.warning(
                                "Retry with --ignore-installed also failed for %s; assuming the "
                                "system-managed version satisfies the requirement: %s",
                                plugin_id, (retry_result.stderr or "").strip()
                            )
                    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
                        self.logger.warning(
                            "Retry with --ignore-installed timed out for %s; assuming the "
                            "system-managed version satisfies the requirement",
                            plugin_id
                        )
                    return True
                self.logger.warning(
                    "Dependency installation returned non-zero exit code for %s: %s",
                    plugin_id,
                    stderr
                )
                return False
        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
            self.logger.error("Dependency installation timed out for %s", plugin_id)
            return False
        except FileNotFoundError:
            self.logger.warning("pip not found. Skipping dependency installation for %s", plugin_id)
            return True
        except (BrokenPipeError, OSError) as e:
            # Handle broken pipe errors (errno 32) which can occur during pip downloads
            # Often caused by network interruptions or output buffer issues
            if isinstance(e, OSError) and e.errno == 32:
                self.logger.error(
                    "Broken pipe error during dependency installation for %s. "
                    "This usually indicates a network interruption or pip output buffer issue. "
                    "Try installing again or check your network connection.", plugin_id
                )
            else:
                self.logger.error("OS error during dependency installation for %s: %s", plugin_id, e)
            return False
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error("Unexpected error installing dependencies for %s: %s", plugin_id, e, exc_info=True)
            return False
    
    @staticmethod
    def _iter_plugin_bare_modules(
        plugin_dir: Path, before_keys: set
    ) -> list:
        """Return bare-name modules from plugin_dir added after before_keys.

        Returns a list of (mod_name, module) tuples for modules that:
        - Were added to sys.modules after before_keys snapshot
        - Have bare names (no dots)
        - Have a ``__file__`` inside plugin_dir
        """
        resolved_dir = plugin_dir.resolve()
        result = []
        for key in set(sys.modules.keys()) - before_keys:
            if "." in key:
                continue
            mod = sys.modules.get(key)
            if mod is None:
                continue
            mod_file = getattr(mod, "__file__", None)
            if not mod_file:
                continue
            try:
                if Path(mod_file).resolve().is_relative_to(resolved_dir):
                    result.append((key, mod))
            except (ValueError, TypeError):
                continue
        return result

    def _evict_stale_bare_modules(self, plugin_dir: Path) -> dict:
        """Temporarily remove bare-name sys.modules entries from other plugins.

        Before exec_module, scan the current plugin directory for .py files.
        For each, if sys.modules has a bare-name entry whose ``__file__`` lives
        in a *different* directory, remove it so Python's import system will
        load the current plugin's version instead of reusing the stale cache.

        Returns:
            Dict mapping evicted module names to their module objects
            (for restoration on error).
        """
        resolved_dir = plugin_dir.resolve()
        evicted: dict = {}

        for py_file in plugin_dir.glob("*.py"):
            mod_name = py_file.stem
            if mod_name.startswith("_"):
                continue
            existing = sys.modules.get(mod_name)
            if existing is None:
                continue
            existing_file = getattr(existing, "__file__", None)
            if not existing_file:
                continue
            try:
                if not Path(existing_file).resolve().is_relative_to(resolved_dir):
                    evicted[mod_name] = sys.modules.pop(mod_name)
                    self.logger.debug(
                        "Evicted stale bare-name module '%s' before loading plugin", mod_name,
                    )
            except (ValueError, TypeError):
                continue

        return evicted

    def _namespace_plugin_modules(
        self, plugin_id: str, plugin_dir: Path, before_keys: set
    ) -> None:
        """
        Move bare-name plugin modules to namespaced keys in sys.modules.

        After exec_module loads a plugin's entry point, Python will have added
        the plugin's local modules (scroll_display, game_renderer, …) to
        sys.modules under their bare names.  This method renames them to
        ``_plg_<plugin_id>_<module>`` so they cannot collide with identically-
        named modules from other plugins.

        The plugin code keeps working because ``from scroll_display import X``
        binds ``X`` to the class *object*, not to the sys.modules entry.

        Args:
            plugin_id: Plugin identifier
            plugin_dir: Plugin directory path
            before_keys: Snapshot of sys.modules keys taken *before* exec_module
        """
        safe_id = plugin_id.replace("-", "_")
        namespaced_names: set = set()

        for mod_name, mod in self._iter_plugin_bare_modules(plugin_dir, before_keys):
            namespaced = f"_plg_{safe_id}_{mod_name}"
            sys.modules[namespaced] = mod
            # Remove the bare sys.modules entry.  The module object stays
            # alive via the namespaced key and all existing Python-level
            # bindings (``from scroll_display import X`` already bound X
            # to the class object).  Leaving bare entries would cause the
            # NEXT plugin's exec_module to find the cached entry and reuse
            # it instead of loading its own version.
            sys.modules.pop(mod_name, None)
            namespaced_names.add(namespaced)
            self.logger.debug(
                "Namespace-isolated module '%s' -> '%s' for plugin %s",
                mod_name, namespaced, plugin_id,
            )

        # Track for cleanup during unload
        self._plugin_module_registry[plugin_id] = namespaced_names

        if namespaced_names:
            self.logger.info(
                "Namespace-isolated %d module(s) for plugin %s",
                len(namespaced_names), plugin_id,
            )

    def unregister_plugin_modules(self, plugin_id: str) -> None:
        """Remove namespaced sub-modules and cached module for a plugin from sys.modules.

        Called by PluginManager during unload to clean up all module entries
        that were created when the plugin was loaded.
        """
        for ns_name in self._plugin_module_registry.pop(plugin_id, set()):
            sys.modules.pop(ns_name, None)
        self._loaded_modules.pop(plugin_id, None)

    def load_module(
        self,
        plugin_id: str,
        plugin_dir: Path,
        entry_point: str
    ) -> Optional[Any]:
        """
        Load a plugin module from file.

        Module loading is serialized via _module_load_lock because plugins are
        loaded in parallel (ThreadPoolExecutor) and multiple sport plugins
        share identically-named local modules (scroll_display.py,
        game_renderer.py, sports.py, etc.).

        After loading, bare-name modules from the plugin directory are moved
        to namespaced keys in sys.modules (e.g. ``_plg_basketball_scoreboard_scroll_display``)
        so they cannot collide with other plugins.

        Args:
            plugin_id: Plugin identifier
            plugin_dir: Plugin directory path
            entry_point: Entry point filename (e.g., 'manager.py')

        Returns:
            Loaded module or None on error
        """
        plugin_id = os.path.basename(plugin_id or '')
        if not plugin_id:
            raise PluginError("Invalid plugin ID")
        try:
            plugin_dir_resolved = plugin_dir.resolve(strict=True)
        except OSError:
            raise PluginError("Plugin directory not found", plugin_id=plugin_id)
        entry_file = (plugin_dir_resolved / entry_point).resolve()
        try:
            entry_file.relative_to(plugin_dir_resolved)
        except ValueError:
            raise PluginError("Invalid entry point path", plugin_id=plugin_id)
        if not entry_file.exists():
            error_msg = f"Entry point file not found for plugin {plugin_id}"
            self.logger.error(error_msg)
            raise PluginError(error_msg, plugin_id=plugin_id, context={'entry_file': str(entry_file)})

        with self._module_load_lock:
            # Add plugin directory to sys.path if not already there
            plugin_dir_str = str(plugin_dir)
            if plugin_dir_str not in sys.path:
                sys.path.insert(0, plugin_dir_str)
                self.logger.debug("Added plugin %s's directory to sys.path", plugin_id)

            # Import the plugin module
            module_name = f"plugin_{plugin_id.replace('-', '_')}"

            # Check if already loaded
            if module_name in sys.modules:
                self.logger.debug("Module %s already loaded, reusing", module_name)
                return sys.modules[module_name]

            spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(module_name, entry_file)
            if spec is None or spec.loader is None:
                self.logger.error("Could not create module spec for plugin %s", plugin_id)
                error_msg = f"Could not create module spec for {entry_file}"
                raise PluginError(error_msg, plugin_id=plugin_id, context={'entry_file': str(entry_file)})

            module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
            sys.modules[module_name] = module

            # Snapshot AFTER inserting the main module so that
            # _namespace_plugin_modules and error cleanup only target
            # sub-modules, not the main module entry itself.
            before_keys = set(sys.modules.keys())

            # Evict stale bare-name modules from other plugin directories
            # so Python's import system loads fresh copies from this plugin.
            evicted = self._evict_stale_bare_modules(plugin_dir)

            try:
                spec.loader.exec_module(module)

                # Move bare-name plugin modules to namespaced keys so they
                # cannot collide with identically-named modules from other plugins
                self._namespace_plugin_modules(plugin_id, plugin_dir, before_keys)
            except Exception:
                # Restore evicted modules so other plugins are unaffected
                for evicted_name, evicted_mod in evicted.items():
                    if evicted_name not in sys.modules:
                        sys.modules[evicted_name] = evicted_mod
                # Clean up the partially-initialized main module and any
                # bare-name sub-modules that were added during exec_module
                # so they don't leak into subsequent plugin loads.
                sys.modules.pop(module_name, None)
                for key, _ in self._iter_plugin_bare_modules(plugin_dir, before_keys):
                    sys.modules.pop(key, None)
                raise

            self._loaded_modules[plugin_id] = module
            self.logger.debug("Loaded module %s for plugin %s", module_name, plugin_id)

        return module
    
    def get_plugin_class(
        self,
        plugin_id: str,
        module: Any,
        class_name: str
    ) -> Type[Any]:
        """
        Get the plugin class from a loaded module.
        
        Args:
            plugin_id: Plugin identifier
            module: Loaded module
            class_name: Name of the plugin class
            
        Returns:
            Plugin class
            
        Raises:
            PluginError: If class not found
        """
        if not hasattr(module, class_name):
            error_msg = f"Class {class_name} not found in module for plugin {plugin_id}"
            self.logger.error(error_msg)
            raise PluginError(
                error_msg,
                plugin_id=plugin_id,
                context={'class_name': class_name, 'module': module.__name__}
            )
        
        plugin_class = getattr(module, class_name)
        
        # Verify it's a class
        if not isinstance(plugin_class, type):
            error_msg = f"{class_name} is not a class in module for plugin {plugin_id}"
            self.logger.error(error_msg)
            raise PluginError(error_msg, plugin_id=plugin_id, context={'class_name': class_name})
        
        return plugin_class
    
    def instantiate_plugin(
        self,
        plugin_id: str,
        plugin_class: Type[Any],
        config: Dict[str, Any],
        display_manager: Any,
        cache_manager: Any,
        plugin_manager: Any
    ) -> Any:
        """
        Instantiate a plugin class.
        
        Args:
            plugin_id: Plugin identifier
            plugin_class: Plugin class to instantiate
            config: Plugin configuration
            display_manager: Display manager instance
            cache_manager: Cache manager instance
            plugin_manager: Plugin manager instance
            
        Returns:
            Plugin instance
            
        Raises:
            PluginError: If instantiation fails
        """
        try:
            plugin_instance = plugin_class(
                plugin_id=plugin_id,
                config=config,
                display_manager=display_manager,
                cache_manager=cache_manager,
                plugin_manager=plugin_manager
            )
            self.logger.debug("Instantiated plugin %s", plugin_id)
            return plugin_instance
        except Exception as e:
            error_msg = f"Failed to instantiate plugin {plugin_id}: {e}"
            self.logger.error(error_msg, exc_info=True)
            raise PluginError(error_msg, plugin_id=plugin_id) from e
    
    @staticmethod
    def _parse_semver(value: Any) -> Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]]:
        """Parse 'X.Y.Z' (extra parts/suffixes ignored) into a comparable
        3-tuple, or None when unparseable."""
        if not isinstance(value, str):
            return None
        parts = value.strip().lstrip('v').split('.')
        try:
            nums = [int(''.join(ch for ch in p if ch.isdigit()) or 0) for p in parts[:3]]
        except ValueError:
            return None
        while len(nums) < 3:
            nums.append(0)
        return tuple(nums)  # type: ignore[return-value]

    def _warn_if_incompatible(self, plugin_id: str, manifest: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        """Log one warning when a plugin declares a minimum LEDMatrix version
        newer than the running core. Advisory only — never raises — so a
        plugin that guards optional features with try/except keeps working.
        """
        from src import __version__ as core_version
        from src.plugin_system import compatibility

        compatible, _reason = compatibility.check(manifest, core_version)
        if compatible:
            # Distinguish "fine" from "couldn't tell" for anyone reading logs:
            # a core below the trustworthy floor is skipped, not cleared.
            current = compatibility.parse_semver(core_version)
            if current is None or current < compatibility.TRUSTWORTHY_FLOOR:
                self.logger.debug(
                    "Skipping version compatibility check for %s: core __version__ "
                    "(%s) is below the ecosystem floor", plugin_id, core_version)
            return

        declared = compatibility.declared_min_version(manifest)
        self.logger.warning(
            "Plugin %s declares min LEDMatrix version %s but this core is %s — "
            "features it relies on may be missing; update the core or expect "
            "degraded fallbacks", plugin_id, declared, core_version)

    def load_plugin(
        self,
        plugin_id: str,
        manifest: Dict[str, Any],
        plugin_dir: Path,
        config: Dict[str, Any],
        display_manager: Any,
        cache_manager: Any,
        plugin_manager: Any,
        install_deps: bool = True,
        plugins_dir: Optional[Path] = None,
    ) -> Tuple[Any, Any]:
        """
        Complete plugin loading process.

        Args:
            plugin_id: Plugin identifier
            manifest: Plugin manifest
            plugin_dir: Plugin directory path
            config: Plugin configuration
            display_manager: Display manager instance
            cache_manager: Cache manager instance
            plugin_manager: Plugin manager instance
            install_deps: Whether to install dependencies
            plugins_dir: Trusted base plugins directory forwarded to install_dependencies

        Returns:
            Tuple of (plugin_instance, module)

        Raises:
            PluginError: If loading fails
        """
        self._warn_if_incompatible(plugin_id, manifest)

        # Install dependencies if needed
        if install_deps:
            if plugins_dir is None:
                raise PluginError(
                    f"plugins_dir is required to install dependencies for plugin {plugin_id} "
                    "(needed for path containment; pass install_deps=False if the caller "
                    "doesn't have a trusted plugins directory to supply)",
                    plugin_id=plugin_id,
                    context={'plugin_dir': str(plugin_dir)},
                )
            if not self.install_dependencies(plugin_dir, plugin_id, plugins_dir=plugins_dir):
                raise PluginError(
                    f"Dependency installation failed for plugin {plugin_id} in {plugin_dir}",
                    plugin_id=plugin_id,
                    context={'plugin_dir': str(plugin_dir)},
                )
        
        # Load module
        entry_point = manifest.get('entry_point', 'manager.py')
        module = self.load_module(plugin_id, plugin_dir, entry_point)
        if module is None:
            raise PluginError(f"Failed to load module for plugin {plugin_id}", plugin_id=plugin_id)
        
        # Get plugin class
        class_name = manifest.get('class_name')
        if not class_name:
            raise PluginError(f"No class_name in manifest for plugin {plugin_id}", plugin_id=plugin_id)
        
        plugin_class = self.get_plugin_class(plugin_id, module, class_name)
        
        # Instantiate plugin
        plugin_instance = self.instantiate_plugin(
            plugin_id,
            plugin_class,
            config,
            display_manager,
            cache_manager,
            plugin_manager
        )
        
        return (plugin_instance, module)