# Permissions

Who owns what on an installed system, which privileged commands the web
interface may run, and how to repair ownership when it goes wrong. The
installer, [`first_time_install.sh`](../first_time_install.sh), sets all of
this up; this page describes the result.

## Users and groups

| Account | Used by | Why |
|---|---|---|
| `root` | `ledmatrix.service` (the display) | The LED matrix library needs direct GPIO access |
| The installing user (e.g. `ledpi`) | `ledmatrix-web.service`, `ledmatrix-update-verify.service` | A web server should not run as root |
| `ledmatrix` group | shared files | Members: the installing user, `root`, and `daemon` if it exists. Created by [`setup_cache.sh`](../scripts/install/setup_cache.sh) and the installer |

The installer also adds the web user to `systemd-journal` and `adm` so the
**Logs** tab can read the journal. Group changes apply after the user logs
in again (services pick them up on restart).

## Files and directories

| Path | Owner | Mode | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Project directory | web user | dirs `755`, files `644`, `*.sh` `755` | Set in the installer's "Normalize project file permissions" step |
| `config/` | web user | `2775` | |
| `config/config.json` | web user | `644` | Written by the web interface |
| `config/config_secrets.json` | web user : `ledmatrix` | `640` | Owned by the web user because the web interface writes it; root reads it regardless of mode |
| `plugin-repos/`, `plugins/` | web user | dirs `2775`, files `664` | The web interface installs and removes plugins |
| `assets/` | web user | dirs `755`, files `644` | Root writes downloaded logos regardless |
| `/var/cache/ledmatrix/` | `root:ledmatrix` | `2775` (setgid) | Shared cache: see below |
| Cache files | creator : `ledmatrix` | `660` | |
| `/run/ledmatrix/` | `root` | `755` | tmpfs; `RuntimeDirectory=` in `ledmatrix.service`, removed when the display stops |
| `/run/ledmatrix/control.sock` | `root` : cache directory's group (`ledmatrix`) | `660` | The display's control socket; only root and that group can connect. See [IPC_CONTROL_SOCKET.md](IPC_CONTROL_SOCKET.md#security-model) |
| `scripts/fix_perms/safe_plugin_rm.sh`, `safe_pip_install.sh` | `root:root` | `755` | Run as root through sudo, so the web user must not be able to edit them |
| `/etc/sudoers.d/ledmatrix_web`, `ledmatrix_wifi` | `root` | `440` | |
| `/usr/local/sbin/ledmatrix-refresh-units` | `root:root` | `755` | Copy of `scripts/install/ledmatrix_refresh_units.py`, installed by `install_service.sh`. Outside the project so the web user cannot edit what sudo runs |
| `/var/lib/ledmatrix/unit-backup/` | `root` | `700` | The units the last refresh replaced, for the automatic update's rollback |
| `/etc/systemd/system/ledmatrix*.service`, `.path` | `root:root` | `644` | Readable so the web interface can compare them with the templates after an update |

What keeps it that way at runtime:

- **Config files.** Saves go through
  [`src/config_manager_atomic.py`](../src/config_manager_atomic.py), which
  applies `get_config_file_mode()` (`640` for secrets, `644` otherwise) and,
  when running as root, moves the file's group to the project directory's
  group (`ensure_shared_group_ownership()` in
  [`src/common/permission_utils.py`](../src/common/permission_utils.py)).
- **Cache files.** [`src/cache/disk_cache.py`](../src/cache/disk_cache.py)
  sets every file it writes to `0660` and gives it the cache directory's
  group, without relying on the setgid bit. So a file root writes stays
  readable by the web user.
- **Plugin directories.** [`run.py`](../run.py) sets
  `sys.dont_write_bytecode`, because root-owned `__pycache__` directories
  inside a plugin stop the web user updating or removing it.

`ledmatrix-web.service` deliberately has no `CacheDirectory=`: systemd would
re-own `/var/cache/ledmatrix` to the web user and its primary group, and the
web interface could no longer read what the display writes (see the comment
in [`systemd/ledmatrix-web.service`](../systemd/ledmatrix-web.service)).

If `/var/cache/ledmatrix` is not usable, `CacheManager` falls back to
`~/.ledmatrix_cache`, `/opt/ledmatrix/cache` or a temp directory
([`src/cache_manager.py`](../src/cache_manager.py)). The two services then
may not share a cache, and the web UI shows stale or empty display status,
on-demand state and plugin health. Fix the directory rather than living
with the fallback.

## sudo rules

### `/etc/sudoers.d/ledmatrix_web`

Generated by `web_sudoers_rules()` in
[`scripts/install/lib_sudoers.sh`](../scripts/install/lib_sudoers.sh), the
only place these rules are defined. Installed by the installer and by
[`configure_web_sudo.sh`](../scripts/install/configure_web_sudo.sh), both of
which check them with `visudo -c` first. The web user may run, without a
password:

- `reboot`, `poweroff`
- `systemctl start|stop|restart|enable|disable|status ledmatrix.service`,
  `systemctl is-active ledmatrix[.service]`
- `systemctl start|stop|restart ledmatrix-web.service`
- `bash <project>/scripts/fix_perms/safe_plugin_rm.sh *` — removes a
  directory only if it resolves to a child of `plugin-repos/` or `plugins/`
- `bash <project>/scripts/fix_perms/safe_pip_install.sh *` — installs a
  `requirements.txt` only if it is the project's own or one under
  `plugin-repos/` or `plugins/`, so the root display service can import the
  packages
- `journalctl -u ledmatrix.service *`, `-u ledmatrix *`, `-t ledmatrix *`,
  tagged `NOEXEC`: journalctl opens a pager on a terminal, and a shell
  escape from that pager would be a root shell
- `/usr/local/sbin/ledmatrix-refresh-units ""` and
  `/usr/local/sbin/ledmatrix-refresh-units --restore` — exactly these two
  command lines (`""` means "no arguments"). After an update the first
  installs the systemd units whose templates changed and runs
  `systemctl daemon-reload`; the automatic update's rollback runs the second
  to put the previous units back. The helper takes nothing from the caller:
  the project folder and the web user come from the installed, root-owned
  `ledmatrix.service` and `ledmatrix-web.service`. It only replaces the four
  units `install_service.sh` installs, only if they are already installed,
  and refuses a template that would change a unit's `User=` (root for the
  display, the web user for the rest) or `WorkingDirectory=`, or that is a
  symlink, not a regular file, or over 64 KB. It grants nothing new: the
  templates are files the web user can edit, but so is `run.py`, which the
  display service already runs as root.

### `/etc/sudoers.d/ledmatrix_wifi`

Written by
[`scripts/install/configure_wifi_permissions.sh`](../scripts/install/configure_wifi_permissions.sh)
(run as the web user; the installer calls it). It refuses to grant a binary
that is not root-owned or is group/world-writable. The rules cover:

- `nmcli device wifi connect|disconnect *`, `nmcli device connect|disconnect *`,
  `nmcli radio wifi on|off`
- `systemctl start|stop|restart hostapd`, `... dnsmasq`,
  `systemctl restart NetworkManager`
- `sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=0|1`
- `nft add|delete table ip ledmatrix`
- `rfkill unblock wifi`
- `mkdir -p /etc/NetworkManager/dnsmasq-shared.d`
- `cp` of `/tmp/hostapd.conf` and `/tmp/dnsmasq.conf` to their fixed
  destinations, and `rm -f /etc/dnsmasq.d/ledmatrix-captive.conf`
- `cp /tmp/ledmatrix-nm-dnsmasq.conf` to
  `/etc/NetworkManager/dnsmasq-shared.d/ledmatrix-captive.conf`, and
  `rm -f` of that file

**`iptables` is deliberately not granted.** The captive portal's rules are
built from the interface name and port, so a rule covering them would need a
trailing wildcard, and `iptables --modprobe=<path>` runs `<path>` as root: a
wildcard grant is a root shell for the web user. Doing it safely needs a
wrapper script that builds the rules itself, like `safe_plugin_rm.sh`. On a
stock Raspberry Pi OS image the default user's blanket `NOPASSWD` rule
(`/etc/sudoers.d/010_pi-nopasswd`) hides this gap.

### polkit

The same script installs `/etc/polkit-1/rules.d/10-ledmatrix-wifi.rules`,
which lets the web user perform any `org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.*`
action without authentication.

## Repair scripts

In [`scripts/fix_perms/`](../scripts/fix_perms/). Run them from the project
directory.

| Script | Run as | What it does | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| `fix_plugin_permissions.sh` | `sudo` | `plugins/` and `plugin-repos/` to `root:<user>`, dirs `2775`, files `664`; makes a `700` home directory `755` so root can traverse it | Safe. Group-writable, so the web user keeps write access |
| `fix_assets_permissions.sh` | `sudo` | `assets/` to `<user>:<group>`, mode `777` recursively | Works, but looser than the installer's `755`/`644` |
| `fix_cache_permissions.sh` | `sudo` | Runs [`setup_cache.sh`](../scripts/install/setup_cache.sh) for `/var/cache/ledmatrix` (`root:ledmatrix`, `2775`, files `660`), then makes `~/.ledmatrix_cache` (the fallback cache) `<user>:<group>` mode `777` | Safe. The `~/.ledmatrix_cache` mode is still `777` |
| `fix_web_permissions.sh` | the web user, **without** `sudo` | Resets project file ownership for the web user (it calls `sudo` itself), then makes `safe_plugin_rm.sh` and `safe_pip_install.sh` `root:root` `755` again and restores `config_secrets.json` to its owner, group `ledmatrix`, mode `640` | Refuses to run as root. It does not write sudoers rules |
| `safe_plugin_rm.sh`, `safe_pip_install.sh` | — | Called by the web interface through sudo | Not for manual use |

To reinstall the sudoers rules, run
`./scripts/install/configure_web_sudo.sh` (web rules; the
`ledmatrix-refresh-units` rules also need the helper itself, which
`sudo ./scripts/install/install_service.sh` installs) or
`./scripts/install/configure_wifi_permissions.sh` (WiFi rules and polkit) as
the web user, not with `sudo`.

After any of these, restart both services:

```bash
sudo systemctl restart ledmatrix.service ledmatrix-web.service
```

## Checking

```bash
ls -ld /var/cache/ledmatrix          # drwxrwsr-x root ledmatrix
stat -c '%U:%G %a %n' config/config.json config/config_secrets.json
id                                   # web user should list ledmatrix
sudo -l                              # lists the NOPASSWD rules
```